Ultrasound Assisted Extrusion of Polyamide 6 Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Banotubes

Blanco, Miren; Sarasua, Jon Ander; López, M. Quevedo; Gonzalo, Óscar; Marcaide, Arrate; Muniesa, Manuel; Fernández, Jesús J.

doi:10.1002/masy.201251113

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…All the samples were prepared using the same experimental conditions: temperature profile (270 °C to 300 °C at the die), screw speed between 100 and 175 rpm, torque between 60 and 80 Nm and pressure between 80 and 85 bar. The screw profile was designed to achieve a high to medium shear profile that was optimised in previous studies [ 58 , 59 ]. A screw diameter of 25 mm and a length/diameter ratio of 40 were used in the different test procedures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tribological Performance of Nylon Composites with Nanoadditives for Self-Lubrication Purposes

Clavería

Gimeno²,

Miguel³

et al. 2020

Polymers

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A systematic study comparing the wear behaviour of composites with nylon matrix (PA66, PA46, PA12) and different nanoadditives and reinforcing additives (graphite, graphene, MoS2 and ZrO2) has been carried out in order to achieve a proper self-lubricant material for bearing cages. The wear characterisation was done using pin-on-disc tests, SEM and EDX analysis. The results show that better outcomes are obtained for composites based on PA12. The addition of ZrO2 offers negative values of wear due to the metallic particle transference from the counterface to the polymeric pin.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimum level of additive dispersion into the polymeric matrix was determined using an ultrasonic device specially designed for this purpose, fully described in previous studies [ 58 , 59 ]. These studies varied the concentration of nanoadditives and the extrusion conditions in PA6 matrices.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Performance of Nylon Composites with Nanoadditives for Self-Lubrication Purposes

Clavería

Gimeno²,

Miguel³

et al. 2020

Polymers

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“…The observed effect is attributed to the fact that the ultrasound breaks the agglomerates of MWCNT improving its dispersion, which affects to a greater degree the rheology of the material than to the electrical conductivity [30]. Blanco et al [53] mention that ultrasonic vibration has a significant effect on the conductivity of PA/MWCNT systems; in these nanocomposites, the percolation rate is reduced from 7 to 3 wt% when ultrasound is applied. This is attributed to a better dispersion of nanotubes in the matrix, resulting in an increase of three orders of magnitude in the electrical resistivity for the system PA6/MWCNT at 7 wt%.…”

Section: Polymer Nanocomposite Focus Of the Study Property Improvemenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is attributed to a better dispersion of nanotubes in the matrix, resulting in an increase of three orders of magnitude in the electrical resistivity for the system PA6/MWCNT at 7 wt%. These authors concluded that the application of ultrasound improves the processability of the material and that it is possible to reduce the percentage of nanotubes in the preparation of nanocomposites with conductive properties without affecting thermal properties [53]. Ávila-Orta et al [51] used polypropylenes with different flow rates (MFI) and 10% multiwall carbon nanotubes for the preparation of nanocomposites.…”

Section: Polymer Nanocomposite Focus Of the Study Property Improvemenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-Assisted Melt Extrusion of Polymer Nanocomposites

Ávila‐Orta¹,

González‐Morones²,

Valdez³

et al. 2019

Nanocomposites - Recent Evolutions

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A review of the latest developments in ultrasound-assisted melt extrusion of polymer nanocomposites is presented. In general, the application of ultrasound waves during melt extrusion of polymer in the presence of nanoparticles results in a more homogeneous dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. In spite of this, a lack of understanding in the field has hindered the development of this processing technique. Based on the analysis of literature on the field, key aspects are identified for a better understanding of the physical and chemical effects of ultrasound waves and the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites by means of melt extrusion. others [1,2]. One of the most popular methods used to prepare such materials is melt extrusion, since it is a flexible and versatile process, which does not require the use of solvents and can be scaled up at industrial level.However, even with all these advantages, the lack of homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix is still a problem with melt extrusion. An alternative to improve the dispersion is the application of ultrasound waves during the polymer processing in the molten state, named ultrasound-assisted extrusion. The first report of the use of ultrasound coupled in extrusion was made by Isayev et al. for processing vulcanized elastomers devulcanization [3]. These authors reported that the ultrasound waves have the ability to cause an incision in the C-S and S-S bonds of the crosslinked rubber, causing the breaking of the reticulated network and thereby achieving the devulcanization of the rubber. Later, it was applied to the study of polymer mixtures in the molten state [4], and in the last decade, this technology has been used for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. Although it has been proven that this technology improves the dispersion of nanoparticles and that it has a great potential for application, the fundamentals for applying this technology in melt extrusion process are still not well understood. For example, the effects observed by the application of ultrasound have been explained on the basis of acoustic cavitation, treating the molten polymer as a Newtonian system; however, polymer cannot be considered as Newtonian fluids. For this reason, a general overview of the basic principles of ultrasound, the development and use of this technology in the preparation of polymeric nanocomposites in the molten state, and the mechanisms that have been proposed so far for the understanding of the phenomenon that generates the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer is described below. Extrusion applied in the manufacture of polymeric nanocomposites 2.1. Polymers and nanoparticlesThermoplastic polymers and nanoparticles are the main materials used to produce polymer nanocomposites by melt extrusion. Thermoplastic polymers include polyolefins, polyesters, and polyamides among other polymer families. On the other hand, the nanoparticles can be classified according to the number of dimensions in the nanometer range. Zero-dime...

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“…22 Proper distribution and orientation is not easily obtained due to graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs') large surface area, van der Waals forces (which hold the sheets together), 23 and low solubility in organic solvents and polymer melts, 23 resulting in low levels of dispersion and exfoliation when using conventional manufacturing processes like solution or melt blending. 24 Many advanced techniques have shown excellent levels of dispersion including ultrasound-assisted extrusion, 25 addition of surfactants 26 or functionalized groups, 17 water, 27 or supercritical CO 2 , 28 and in situ polymerization. 29 Melt mixing or melt compounding is a process in which a polymer and filler are compounded together in a high shear environment, 18 conventionally done in an extruder.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Green Bionanocomposites of Bio-based Poly(butylene succinate) Reinforced with Pyrolyzed Perennial Grass Microparticles and Graphene Nanoplatelets

et al. 2019

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Bio-based poly(butylene succinate) (BioPBS) was combined with pyrolyzed Miscanthus microparticles (biocarbon) and graphene nanoplatelets to create a hybrid bionanocomposite. Pyrolyzed biomass, known as biocarbon, was incorporated into a BioPBS matrix to improve the thermo-mechanical properties of the bioplastic while simultaneously increasing the value of this co-product. Biocomposites loaded with 25 wt % biocarbon showed 57, 13, and 32% improvements in tensile modulus, heat deflection temperature, and thermal expansion, respectively. Further improvements were found when graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) were added to the biocomposite, forming a hierarchical hybrid bionanocomposite. Two processing methods were used to incorporate graphene into the composites: (I) graphene, BioPBS, and biocarbon were added together and directly compounded, and (II) a masterbatch of graphene and BioPBS was processed first and then diluted to the same ratios as those used in the direct compounding method I. The two methods resulted in different internal morphologies that subsequently impacted the mechanical properties of the composites; little change was observed in the thermal properties studied. Bionanocomposites processed using the direct compounding technique showed the greatest increase in tensile strength and modulus: 17 and 120%, respectively. Bionanocomposites processed using a masterbatch technique had slightly lower strength and modulus but showed almost twice the impact strength compared with the direct compounding method. This masterbatch technique was found to have a superior balance of stiffness and toughness, likely due to the presence of superclustered graphene platelets, confirmed through a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope.

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Ultrasound Assisted Extrusion of Polyamide 6 Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Banotubes

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Tribological Performance of Nylon Composites with Nanoadditives for Self-Lubrication Purposes

Tribological Performance of Nylon Composites with Nanoadditives for Self-Lubrication Purposes

Ultrasound-Assisted Melt Extrusion of Polymer Nanocomposites

Hybrid Green Bionanocomposites of Bio-based Poly(butylene succinate) Reinforced with Pyrolyzed Perennial Grass Microparticles and Graphene Nanoplatelets

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