Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Adenaria floribunda Stem: Economic Assessment

Abstract

Adenaria floribunda is a native species found in tropical regions of South America used as a traditional medicine. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an extraction process known to increase the extraction yield, reduce extraction times, and use low temperatures. This study aims to obtain water-based extracts from A. floribunda stems using UAE, hot water extraction (HWE), and Soxhlet extraction and perform an economic analysis. The global extraction yield (GEY) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) of extracts ranged from 5.24% to 10.48% and from 1.9 ± 0.44 mg GAE g−1 DW to 6.38 ± 0.28 mg GAE g−1, respectively. Gallic acid, catechin, and ferulic acid were identified in the extract using HPLC-UV. Results indicate that Soxhlet extraction has the best performance regarding GEY and TPC. However, after performing an economic assessment, the cost of manufacturing (COM) of Soxhlet extraction (US$ 5.8 flask−1) was higher than the UAE (US$ 3.86 flask−1) and HWE (US$ 3.92 flask−1). The sensitivity results showed that obtaining extracts from A. floribunda by UAE and HWE is economically feasible when the selling price is above US$ 4 flask−1. Soxhlet extraction is a feasible technique when the selling price is above US$ 7 flask−1.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Vaccinium Dunalianum Wight Leaves and Their Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities in Vitro

“…To evaluate the impact of different extraction times on the phenolic content during the SCWE process, three extraction times (20,30,40,50, and 60 min) were examined at an extraction temperature of 150 °C and a liquid-solid ratio of 35 : 1 for V. dunalianum leaves. As illustrated in in Figure 1B, the phenolic content of the extract from V. dunalianum leaves increased steadily with extraction time from 20 min to 40 min, indicating a positive linear relationship between extraction time and phenolic content.…”

“…Currently, commonly used methods of extracting phenolic compounds, such as ultrasonic extraction, [19,20] microwaveassisted extraction, [21] and organic solvent extraction, [22,23] are not only time-consuming and expensive but also harmful to the environment, as they require a large number of toxic organic solvents. As V. dunalianum leaves extract is intended for use in food and medicine, it should be safe and environmentally friendly with minimal harm to humans.…”

“…Hot water extraction (HWE) is common and environmentally friendly method for extracting phenolic compounds, however, it is inefficient and time-consuming. [20] Subcritical water extraction (SCWE) is a superior alternative to traditional solvent extraction technology because it yields higher extraction rates and is faster, while using only water eliminated the need to separate extracted products, making it more efficient, safer, and cheaper. [24] Under high temperatures and high pressure, water viscosity and dielectric constant decrease, increasing the mass transfer rate and extraction efficiency increase.…”

“…As V. dunalianum leaves extract is intended for use in food and medicine, it should be safe and environmentally friendly with minimal harm to humans. Hot water extraction (HWE) is common and environmentally friendly method for extracting phenolic compounds, however, it is inefficient and time‐consuming [20] . Subcritical water extraction (SCWE) is a superior alternative to traditional solvent extraction technology because it yields higher extraction rates and is faster, while using only water eliminated the need to separate extracted products, making it more efficient, safer, and cheaper [24] .…”