Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Carrot Pomace and Their Optimization through Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract carotenoids from the carrot pomace. To investigate the effect of independent variables on the UAE, the response surface methodology (RSM) with central-composite design (CCD) was employed. The study was conducted with three independent variables including extraction time (min), temperature (°C), and ethanol concentration (%). The results showed that the optimal conditions for UAE were achieved with an extraction time of 17 min, temperature of 32 °C, and ethanol concentration of 51% of total carotenoids (31.82 ± 0.55); extraction time of 16 min, temperature of 29 °C, and ethanol concentration of 59% for a combination of β-carotene (14.89 ± 0.40), lutein (5.77 ± 0.19), and lycopene (2.65 ± 0.12). The non-significant (p > 0.05) correlation under optimal extraction conditions between predicted and experimental values suggested that UAE is the more productive process than conventional techniques for the extraction of carotenoids from the carrot pomace.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Pigments From Food Processing By-Products: A Review

“…Carotenoids are important functional metabolites in the human body because of their antioxidant capacity and for being precursors of vitamin A ( 72 ), related to a significant reduction of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and age-related macular degeneration ( 73 ).…”

“…UAE has been used to extract carotenoids from different fruits and vegetables by-products such as acerola, guava, genipap and umbu seeds and peels ( 72 ), carrot pomace ( 73 , 81 ), cantaloupe peel ( 82 ), mandarin peel ( 54 , 83 , 84 ), Gac fruit peel ( 63 ), mango peel and paste ( 85 ), peel of different varieties of orange ( 38 , 43 , 48 ), orange pomace ( 86 ), pepper leaves ( 87 ), pomegranate peel ( 55 ), pumpkin peel ( 88 , 89 ), purple passion fruit peel ( 90 ), sea buckthorn pomace ( 49 , 91 , 92 ), tomato peel and seeds ( 31 , 93 – 95 ), and arthropods by-product such as shrimp shell and cephalothorax ( 40 , 96 – 98 ). According to these studies, carotenoids can be used as a natural pigment directly in the preparation of various food products such as butter, salad dressing, beverages, ice cream, desserts, candy, bakery, edible oils, meet products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, also as an ingredient in feed for aquatic animals and pets.…”

“…Regarding the types of solvents used to extract carotenoids by UAE, solvents can be classified into conventional organic solvents (COS) and “green solvents”. On the one hand, the COS used were ethyl acetate ( 63 ), ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile ( 73 ), tetrahydrofuran, butylated hydroxytoluene ( 85 ), petroleum ether ( 95 ), among others. During carotenoid extraction, considering the polarity of the solvents used is very important.…”

Maturity Dependent Changes in Post-Harvest Physiological, Antioxidant and Anti-Microbial Attributes of Tomato

“…The tube was then shaken for 5 min and rest for 2 min at room temperature to allow phase separation. The upper n-hexane layer was used to determine the absorbance by using a spectrophotometer BMS 1602 at 503 nm against the blank (Obadina et al, 2018;Umair et al, 2021).…”

Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Liposomes Containing Oridonin from Rabdosia rubescens

“…By careful design of experiments, fewer experimental trails can be used to optimize interactions between multiple process variables. Therefore, RSM has been widely used for developing, improving, and optimizing processes [22,23]. Box-Behnken design (BBD) is a conventional method for experimental design which was applied in this study to optimize the extraction conditions and preparation conditions of Ori liposomes.…”