Ultrasound Assisted Electrodeposition of Cu-SiO₂ Composite Coatings: Effect of Particle Surface Chemistry

Abstract

Electrodeposition of Cu-SiO 2 composite coatings from an alkaline non-cyanide electrolyte containing glutamate as complexing agent was studied. Silica mesoporous particles were synthesized using a modified Stöber methodology, and later their surface chemistry was changed by functionalizing them with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Particles microstructure and morphology were characterized (SEM, TEM, XRD) and their charging behavior in several electrolytes was studied through ζ -potential measurements. Galvanostatic deposition was performed in electrolytes containing both as-prepared and functionalized SiO 2 at various current densities, and the influence of ultrasonic irradiation (37 Hz) was evaluated. For some experiments, 1.5 g L − of Polyquaternium 7 were added to the solution. SEM and XRD were used to characterized coatings morphology and microstructure, whereas EDS was used to estimate SiO 2 wt%. The results showed that the effect of ultrasound on the codeposition process depends on current density and particle surface chemistry. All the trends observed in this study could be explained taking into account ζ -potential values recorded and previously reported theories. Adjusting the experimental conditions, it was possible to obtain deposits with SiO 2 contents of ≈5 wt%. Finally, it was found that both ultrasonic irradiation and Polyquaternium 7 affect the morphology and crystal orientation of the deposits.

Self-lubricating Cu-MWCNT coatings deposited from an ecofriendly glutamate-based electrolyte

“…The patterns recorded were used to determine the preferred crystal orientation of the deposits through calculation of the relative texture coefficient (RTC) using Eq. 1, as described elsewhere [36,37,39]. For this analysis only the (200), (111), (311) and (220) planes were considered.…”

“…In contrast, uniformly distributed Cu-CNT coatings can be easily achieved by electrocodeposition by adjusting the process parameters, if particles are properly dispersed in the plating solution. Several approaches have been suggested to avoid CNT agglomeration in the electrolyte [21], of which ultrasound (US) assisted electrodeposition is the most promising [32][33][34][35][36] as it promotes particle dispersion and incorporation into the metallic matrix at the same time. In addition to this, electrodeposition is a versatile (little geometries restrictions) and cost-effective (low vacuum or high temperatures are not required) technology and has been largely used to modify the surface properties of structural materials.…”

Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrodeposition of Mn-Doped NiCo2O4 for Enhanced Photodegradation of Methyl Red, Hydrogen Production, and Supercapacitor Applications

“…According to the results of the XRD pattern, the major diffraction peaks of the NiCo 2 O 4 electrodes experienced a light shift with an increase in manganese concentration in the reaction solution, suggesting that the nickel sites were occupied by manganese atoms, with the Mn 3+ ions preferring to replace the Ni 3+ ions within NiCo 2 O 4 . This substitution improved the electronic structure and enhanced the ability for charge transfer, thereby improving the conductivity and efficiency of electron movement [28,31,32]. After doping with Mn, the ratio of Ni and Co atoms changed slightly, indicating that Mn atoms replaced the positions of Ni and Co. As Ni, Co, and Mn have different atomic radii (0.124, 0.167, and 0.140 nm, respectively), it is evident that Mn atoms replacing the positions of Ni and Co in a typical NiCo 2 O 4 electrode will result in slight deviations in the XRD diffraction of NiCo 2 O 4 .…”

“…Additionally, Shi et al [30] reported that the introduction of ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition can improve the particle's surface distribution and impede catalyst aggregation on the substrate. The ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition approach can provide a benefit in that hydrogen bubbles and film oxides are removed, leading to porosity in thin films and improvements in their electrode efficiency in systems [31]. Despite the emerging popularity of NiCo 2 O 4 and the increased use of Mn as a dopant to improve overall catalytic activity, there are still no records on electrodeposition synthesis using ultrasound for ternary metal oxide catalyst preparation from a precursor mixture.…”

Mechanical Properties of Electrolytically Produced Copper Coatings Reinforced with Pigment Particles

“…The different materials as the second solid phase in powder, whiskers, or fiber forms can be suspended in an electroplating bath and embedded into a metal deposit during the co-deposition process. Common materials used to reinforce the copper metal matrix were metal ceramic oxides such as corundum (Al 2 O 3 ) [13,14,16,17], silica (SiO 2 ) [18][19][20], titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) [21][22][23], CeO 2 [24], zirconia (ZrO 2 ) [25], Y 2 O 3 [26], nitrides (Si 3 N 4 ) [27,28], silicon carbide (SiC) [29,30], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [31], multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) [32], graphene (Gr) and its derivatives such as graphene oxides (GO) and reduced graphene oxides (RGO) [33][34][35][36][37], diamonds [38,39], and LDH (layered double hydroxide) [40].…”