Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health

Klein, D.; Flöck, Martina; Khol, J. L.; Franz, Sonja; Stüger, Hans Peter; Baumgartner, Walter

doi:10.1017/s0022029905000920

Cited by 47 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Three hours after milking the wall remained 12.7 % thicker in the C cows and by 13.41 % thicker in the H breed. Interbreed differences were mentioned in the findings of KLEIN et al (2005). In our observation, significant differences in the wall thickness between both breeds were determined 3 h after milking only (P<0.001).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 43%

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Changes in teat parameters caused by milking and their recovery to their initial size

et al. 2010

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Dairy cows of 2 breeds, 74 Holstein (H) and 72 Czech Fleckvieh (C) cows in the 1st (H, n=38; C, n=38) and 2nd lactation (H, n=36; C, n=34) during the 1st period (n=74; H, n=40; C, n=34; to 150 days) and the 2nd period of lactation (n=72; H, n=34; C, n=38; above 150 days) were observed. Differences in external and internal proportions of teat closely before (the 1st measurement), immediately after (the 2nd measurement) and 3 h after milking (the 3rd measurement), udder conformation evaluated by linear description, somatic cell count, daily milk yield and the time of milking were evaluated in relation to the effect of breed and period of lactation. The length of the teat canal, area of the teat end, and wall thickness were measured from the axial picture recorded by ultrasound Aloka SSD500 (Aloka Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).Significant interbreed differences were detected in external as well as internal teat proportions (P<0.05-0.001). Relative changes of teat diameter, comparing C and H cows, differed significantly between the 1st and the 3rd measurement (P<0.05). The length of teat increased during milking and didn´t achieve the beginning size during 3 h after milking. Significant diiference in the length of teat between the 2nd measurement and the 3rd measurement was determined in H cows only (P<0.001). The most significant changes of the length of the teat canal and the area of teat were found in both breeds between values measured closely before and immediately after milking (P<0.5-0.001). Wall thickness was strengthen in C cows (+15.6 %) during the 2nd measurement according to the 1st (P<0.05), while difference represented +18 % (P<0.001) in H cows. Non-significantly higher values of external proportions of teat were measured in the 2nd period of lactation except diameter of teat closely before milking. Internal proportions of teat were always significantly higher in the 2nd period of lactation in relation to the 1st period. Prolongation of teat canal by 0.15 cm (P<0.01) closely before, by 0.16 cm (P<0.001) immediately after, and by 0.13 cm (P<0.01) 3 h after milking was measured in the 2nd period of lactation. The area of teat end measured before milking was significantly larger in the 2nd period of lactation (P<0.01). Keywords

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 43%

“…The teat length extended to 104.5 % immediately after milking in the C cows and to 106.4 % in the group of H cows. KLEIN et al (2005) observed the length of the teat canal by ultrasound in four breeds -Brown Swiss, Simental, crossbreeds Simmental × Czech Fleckvieh, and Holstein. The present findings did not differ significantly.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in teat parameters caused by milking and their recovery to their initial size

et al. 2010

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“…Due to these differences, some anatomical measurements of mammary glands, obtained by ultrasound, have been used in research with dairy herds (Bruckmaier & Blum, 1992;Ayadi et al, 2003). The ultrasonography technique used for udder and teat cisterns studies appears as a minimally invasive tool (Porcionato et al, 2005) and result in important information for genetic selection, for supporting the decision of adequate management to be adopted (Schutz & Pajor, 2001) and for mastitis prevention (Klein et al, 2005). Udder depth and teat length measurements have a narrow relation with mastitis resistance (Klein et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk flow, teat morphology and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows

Porcionato

Soares

Reis

et al. 2010

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-The aim of this work was to evaluate the association between milk flow, teat morphological measurements and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows. Eighty cows in the 2 nd and 3 rd lactations, with 90 to 200 days of lactation, were divided according to milk flow during milking into fast or slow groups. Teat morphometry was assessed by ultrasound scanning of the right anterior teat and external measurements. Milk samples were collected for somatic cells count (SCC) and microbiological culture. The effect of milk flow during milking was evaluated by analysis of variance of milk yield, SCC, morphometry and external measurements. The association of morphometry and external measurements of the teats with the SCC and microorganisms found in milk were analysed. Milk flow was significantly correlated to milk production. Gir cows with slower milk flow had longer teat canal and greater milk yield, in comparison to cows with fast milk flow. Teat-end to floor distance influenced SCC of Gir cows. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and the type of mastitis-causing pathogens were not affected by milk flow during milking.Index terms: Gir, lactation, mammary gland, milking, morphology. Fluxo de leite, morfometria de tetos e a prevalência de mastite subclínica em vacas GirResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre o fluxo de leite, a morfometria dos tetos e a prevalência de mastite subclínica em vacas Gir. Oitenta vacas em 2 a ou 3 a lactação, com 90 a 200 dias de lactação, foram divididas, de acordo com o fluxo de leite durante a ordenha, nos grupos rápido ou lento. A morfometria de tetos foi avaliada por imagens de ultrassom do teto anterior direito e medidas externas dos tetos. Amostras de leite foram coletadas para a contagem de células somáticas (SCC) e a cultura microbiológica. O efeito do fluxo de leite durante a ordenha foi avaliado pela análise de variância de produção de leite, SCC, morfometria e medidas externas dos tetos. Foi analizada a associação entre a morfometria e medidas externas dos tetos e a SCC e microganismos encontrados no leite. O fluxo de leite foi significativamente correlacionado à produção de leite. As vacas Gir com fluxo de leite mais lento tinham maior comprimento de canal dos tetos e maior produção de leite, em comparação a vacas de fluxo rápido. A distância do teto ao solo influenciou a SCC das vacas Gir. A prevalência de mastite subclínica e o tipo de microrganismo causador de mastite não foram alterados pelo fluxo de leite durante a ordenha.Termos para indexação: Gir, lactação, glândula mamária, ordenha, morfologia.

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“…Alguns autores demonstraram que o comprimento e o diâmetro do teto têm uma função importante na prevenção da mastite (Klein et al, 2005), pois quanto maior o comprimento do canal do teto, mais volumoso será o tampão de queratina que atua como barreira natural, prevenindo a contaminação do teto por microrganismos causadores de mastite (Paulrud e Rasmussen, 2004;Klein et al, 2005). Esses dados da literatura sugerem que as características do teto das vacas Girolandas estão relacionadas a maior barreira natural de proteção contra os diferentes agentes causadores de mastite.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Alguns estudos utilizaram a ultrassonografia para estimar o diâmetro do teto, a espessura da parede e o comprimento do canal do teto e mostrar a relação entre esses parâmetros e a resistência à mastite (Paulrud e Rasmussen, 2004;Klein et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Morfometria e distribuição de leite alveolar e cisternal na glândula mamária de vacas Holandesa e Girolanda

Porcionato

Negrão

Paiva³

2009

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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RESUMOEstudaram-se a distribuição do leite nas porções alveolar e cisternal e a morfometria da glândula mamária de 14 vacas, sete da raça Holandesa, grupo H, e sete da Girolanda, grupo G, com ordem e dias de lactação semelhantes, ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente, enquanto as frações de leite cisternal e alveolar foram medidas uma vez por semana. Durante o experimento, também foram realizadas medidas de ultrassonografia e morfometria da glândula mamária. As vacas Girolandas apresentaram úberes e tetos maiores que as vacas Holandesas. Diâmetro, espessura da parede e comprimento do canal do teto, medidos por imagens de ultrassom, também foram maiores nas Girolandas, mas a área de cisterna da glândula mamária foi maior nas Holandesas. Não houve diferença na produção de leite e nas frações de leite cisternal e alveolar entre as raças.Palavras-chave: vaca leiteira, lactação, morfometria, ordenha, úbere ABSTRACTThe milk distribution in alveolar and cisternal portions and the mammary gland morphometry were studied using 14 cows, being seven Holstein and seven Girolanda, with same parity and days in lactation, and milked twice a day. Milk yield was measured everyday, whereas alveolar and cisternal fractions were determined once a week. During the experiment, ultrasound scan measurements and morphometrical measures of the mammary gland were also performed. Girolanda cows had udder and teats larger than Holstein cows. Diameter, wall thickness, and length of the teat channel measured from ultrasound images were higher in Girolanda group, but cisternal area of the mammary gland was larger in Holstein cows. No differences in milk yield and cisternal and alveolar milk fractions between the studied breeds were observed.

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Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health

Cited by 47 publications

References 8 publications

Changes in teat parameters caused by milking and their recovery to their initial size

Changes in teat parameters caused by milking and their recovery to their initial size

Milk flow, teat morphology and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows

Morfometria e distribuição de leite alveolar e cisternal na glândula mamária de vacas Holandesa e Girolanda

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