Ultrasonographic Features of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas According to Their Subtypes

Baek, Hye Jin; Kim, Do Hun; Shin, Gi Won; Heo, Young Jin; Baek, Jin Wook; Lee, Yoo Jin; Cho, Young Jun; Park, Ha Kyoung; Ha, Tae Kwon; Jung, Soo Jin; Park, Ji Sun; Ahn, Ki Jung

doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00223

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Several studies reported that, prognosis of patients with PTCs may be associated with both clinical features and pathological variants [13][14][15]. However, US characters of various PTC subgroups are still insufficient [15,16], even though the method was widely used as the primary method in evaluating thyroid lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and sonographic characteristics of Warthin-like variant papillary thyroid carcinomas

et al. 2019

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Aim: To summarize the clinical, ultrasonographic (US) and pathological characteristics of Warthin-like variant papillary thyroid carcinomas (WVPTC).Material and methods: Medical records and US images of 32 cases of WVPTCs diagnosed between December, 2006 and September, 2018 were reviewed. Clinical, pathological and US characteristics of these cases were collected and summarized. ACR TI-RADS was followed during the analysis of the US features of the lesions. Results: Totally, 32 patients with 33 WVPTC nodules were reviewed. WVPTC was more often seen in female patients (27/32,84.4%) with a relatively high age (mean age, 51.0±10.8 years old). Hyperthyroidism was observed in 14 patients; 2 patients were diagnosed as subclinical hyperthyroidism and 1 patient as subclinical hypothyroidism. Abnormal thyroglobulin antibody was detected in 22 patients. Mean size of the nodule was 1.2±0.5 cm (range, 0.5~2.99 cm) on US. Pathologically, tumor margin of 63.6% carcinomas were infiltrative but most (72.9%) of the enrolled carcinomas were intra-thyroidal. Lymphocytic thyroiditis was detected in 87.5% (28/32) patients. On US, most WVPTCs were solid or almost complete solid (32/33, 97.0%) and very hypoechoic (26/33, 78.8%). Taller-than-wide shape (6/33, 18.2%) and punctate echogenic foci (9/33, 27.3%) were not popular. All the nodules were scored higher than 5 points according to the ACR TI-RADS, including 9 nodules that were classified into TR4 and 24 nodules as TR5. Follow-up information was available in 31 patients and no recurrence or distal metastasis was detected.Conclusions: WVPTC is a rare variant of PTCs with favorable outcomes. Very hypoechoic echogenicity, solid or almost complete solid composition are the vital indicators for biopsy, even though the nodule may be wider-than-tall and have a lack of punctuate echoic foci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and sonographic characteristics of Warthin-like variant papillary thyroid carcinomas

et al. 2019

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“…This explains why the follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) has a very low frequency of microcalcifications (PBs) [ 69 ]. When FVPTC is infiltrative, the frequency of calcification can be higher but is rare in the encapsulated FVPTC [ 56 , 57 ]. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSVPTC) is an uncommon variant of PTC, characterized by diffuse involvement of one or both lobes of the thyroid gland [ 70 ].…”

Section: Calcification In Different Types Of Thyroid Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Calcification

Ferreira

Gimba

Vinagre

et al. 2020

IJMS

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In thyroid cancer, calcification is mainly present in classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), despite being described in benign lesions and in other subtypes of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid calcifications are classified according to their diameter and location. At ultrasonography, microcalcifications appear as hyperechoic spots ≤ 1 mm in diameter and can be named as stromal calcification, bone formation, or psammoma bodies (PBs), whereas calcifications > 1 mm are macrocalcifications. The mechanism of their formation is still poorly understood. Microcalcifications are generally accepted as a reliable indicator of malignancy as they mostly represent PBs. In order to progress in terms of the understanding of the mechanisms behind calcification occurring in thyroid tumors in general, and in PTC in particular, we decided to use histopathology as the basis of the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of calcification formation in thyroid cancer. We explored the involvement of molecules such as runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), osteonectin/secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) in the formation of calcification. The present review offers a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of calcification in thyroid cancer.

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“…The classic variant is the most common PTC variant (32–49%), and the BRAF V600E mutation is the most frequent (90%) genetic driver of this variant [28,29,30]. A typical US pattern for this PTC subtype includes hypoechogenicity, spiculated/microlobulated margins, microcalcifications, non-parallel orientation, and mixed-type non-increased vascularity [31].…”

Section: Genetic Drivers and Sonographic Pattern Of Different Varimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microcalcifications are often absent, but macrocalcifications are found in 20% of tumors. A non-parallel orientation is very characteristic, and vascularity is mixed in most patients and increased in half of the cases [31].…”

Section: Genetic Drivers and Sonographic Pattern Of Different Varimentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations between Molecular Landscape and Sonographic Image of Different Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Lewiński

Adamczewski

Zygmunt

et al. 2019

JCM

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Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common thyroid cancer, is predominantly driven by mutations in BRAF (primarily p. V600E) and RAS oncogenes. Ultrasound (US) examination provides significant diagnostic data in the management of thyroid nodules, as many sonographic features of thyroid lesions are correlated with the potential risk of thyroid carcinoma. The aim of the study was to analyze the current literature in regard to the potential associations between genetic landscape and sonographic features of PTC. Based on the current literature, sonographic features of PTCs correlate with their molecular drivers, particularly between tumors harboring BRAFV600E versus activating RAS mutations, although many of these findings appear to be dependent on the tumor variant. Suspicious US findings, such as hypoechogenicity, spiculated/microlobulated margins, non-parallel orientation/taller-than-wide shape, and the presence of microcalcifications, are typical for PTC positive for BRAFV600E mutations. On the contrary, tumors with RAS mutations are most frequently hypo- or isoechoic and ovoid-to-round in shape, with smooth margins and without calcifications. There are also some US features typical for PTCs harboring other mutations, including BRAFK601E, RET/PTC rearrangements, PAX8-PPARγ, CTNNB1, and APC. However, further research is necessary, as some rare PTC variants still cannot be reliably analyzed due to the scarce published data.

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Ultrasonographic Features of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas According to Their Subtypes

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Clinical and sonographic characteristics of Warthin-like variant papillary thyroid carcinomas

Clinical and sonographic characteristics of Warthin-like variant papillary thyroid carcinomas

Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Calcification

Correlations between Molecular Landscape and Sonographic Image of Different Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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