Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Urachal Anomalies in Cats and Dogs: Retrospective Study of 98 Cases (2009–2019)

Perondi, Francesca; Puccinelli, Caterina; Lippi, Ilaria; Santa, Daniele Della; Benvenuti, Michelangelo; Mannucci, Tommaso; Citi, Simonetta

doi:10.3390/vetsci7030084

Cited by 6 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Indeed, in all the cats of the study, the presence of intraluminal pseudomembranes was always associated with a diffuse bladder wall thickening and intraluminal sediment, which could be an expression of chronic inflammation of the bladder [ 4 , 24 ]. This hypothesis may be also confirmed by the high prevalence (30%) of vesicourachal diverticulum in the feline population of our study, considering that urachal anomalies have been associated with inflammatory changes of the bladder mucosa [ 25 ]. Moreover, six out of ten cats presented pseudomembranes with acoustic shadowing, which could be related to mineralization or fibrosis [ 26 ]; also, this finding could be considered an expression of chronicity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Pseudomembranous Cystitis: An Uncommon Ultrasound Appearance of Cystitis in Cats and Dogs

Puccinelli

Lippi

Pelligra

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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In veterinary medicine, pseudomembranous cystitis (PC) is a rare condition described only in cats. The purposes of this retrospective study were to describe ultrasound features of PC in cats and dogs, predisposing factors, comorbidities and outcomes. Cats and dogs with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of PC were included in the study. The bladder ultrasound findings that were recorded were: pseudomembranes’ characteristics, abnormalities of the bladder’s wall and content and anomalies of the pericystic peritoneal space. Ten cats and four dogs met the inclusion criteria. Four pseudomembrane adhesion patterns were described. The presence of pseudomembrane acoustic shadowing was observed in the 60% of cats. A total of 80% of the cats included were presented for urethral obstruction (UO) and/or had at least one episode of UO in the previous 2 months. Thirteen patients out of fourteen received only medical therapy, and all of them survived. PC is a rare disorder in cats and dogs and there are some ultrasonographic differences between the two species, suggesting a greater severity of the pathology in cats. Chronic cystitis and UO may have a potential role in the development of feline PC. Finally, the medical approach can be a non-invasive and effective approach for PC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Pseudomembranous Cystitis: An Uncommon Ultrasound Appearance of Cystitis in Cats and Dogs

Puccinelli

Lippi

Pelligra

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Diverticula are epithelium-lined saccular dilations emerging from the lumen of a hollow organ, either presenting as a distended segment, or as a structure attached by a narrow neck. There are sporadic single case reports of diverticula arising from various locations of the urinary tract, including the bladder body, 14 sometimes associated with the incomplete closure of the urachus, 15 the bladder fundus 16 , 17 and neck, 17 or even with the renal pelvis. 18 To our knowledge, only three cases of urethral diverticula have been reported in the veterinary literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary incontinence secondary to a suspected congenital urethral deformity in a kitten

Henry

Schiavo

Owen

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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Case summary A 5-month-old entire male domestic shorthair kitten was referred for investigation of a month-long history of urinary incontinence. Clinical examination, baseline blood work and imaging (plain radiography and ultrasonography) were unremarkable. Urinalysis documented a urinary tract infection and a retrograde urethrocystogram revealed an outpouching of the pelvic urethra. Surgical exploration revealed the absence of the dorsal portion of the urethral wall in this section of pelvic urethra, replaced by an epithelial lined expanded ‘pouch’. The ventral aspect of the urethra appeared grossly normal. A modified perineal urethrostomy was performed to create an anastomosis of the urethral pouch to the skin of the perineum alongside conventional castration. The kitten made a full recovery and the incontinence resolved within 48 h. A congenital urethral diverticulum and secondary urinary tract infection were deemed the most likely aetiology in this case. Relevance and novel information Urethral diverticuli are a rare condition in veterinary medicine. To our knowledge, it has only been reported in two dogs and presumptively in one cat, all of which made a complete recovery after surgical intervention. The present case reports an unusual urethral deformity as a potential differential diagnosis for lower urinary tract signs in a young cat.

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“…B-mode ultrasound images of the urinary bladder distended with urine were acquired with a Biosound EsaoteMegas ES (Esaote North America, Fishers, IN) ultrasound machine and a 5-9 MHz microconvex array transducer in the longitudinal plane important to distinguish the nodule from cancer, polyps, inflammatory conditions, and other bladder disease. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Urothelial carcinoma can vary in appearance and can include masses of any size, bladder wall thickening, irregular mucosa, and combinations of these. 4,5 The apex nodule could mimic early urothelial carcinoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developmental anomalies have been described in the apex of the urinary bladder in dogs, but the apex nodule appears different from these. 6,7 Urachal anomalies, including patent urachus, urachal cysts, vesicourachal diverticula, and urachal sinus, have been described, but these lead to abnormal tissue or cysts protruding outside of the bladder, not into the lumen. 6,7 It is possible that the apex nodule is a different type of anatomic variant present in a small percentage of Scottish Terriers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic detection of apex nodules in the urinary bladder of Scottish Terriers

Heng

Ramos‐Vara

Fulkerson

et al. 2022

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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An apex nodule was recently identified in the urinary bladder of Scottish Terriers being screened for bladder cancer at our institution. This prospective, single‐center, case series study was performed to better characterize the apex nodule and assess the clinical importance of the nodule. Scottish Terriers ≥6 years of age with no evidence of urinary tract disease underwent urinary tract ultrasonography and urinalysis at 6‐month intervals. In dogs with evidence of the apex nodule, ultrasound features such as location, margins, number, echogenicity, size, and shape of the lesion were recorded by a veterinary oncologist and veterinary radiologist. The apex nodule was identified in eight (6%) of 134 dogs in the absence of other detectable bladder disease. Features of the nodules included the following: one nodule per dog, triangular to an oval shape, smooth mucosal covering, well‐defined margins, isoechoic to the bladder wall, 2–4 mm at the base, and 4–6 mm protruding into the bladder lumen. In five dogs undergoing multiple ultrasonographic examinations, the nodule did not appear to change over time (up to 3.5 years). Cystoscopy performed in three dogs revealed a column of tissue covered by normal mucosa protruding into the bladder lumen. Histological features consistent with a neoplastic growth were absent. Five dogs remained free of any bladder disease. Three dogs developed urothelial carcinoma at sites distant to the nodule at 8–53 months after the nodule was first observed. Findings indicated that incidental apex nodules could mimic neoplasia and other bladder diseases in Scottish Terriers.

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Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Urachal Anomalies in Cats and Dogs: Retrospective Study of 98 Cases (2009–2019)

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Pseudomembranous Cystitis: An Uncommon Ultrasound Appearance of Cystitis in Cats and Dogs

Pseudomembranous Cystitis: An Uncommon Ultrasound Appearance of Cystitis in Cats and Dogs

Urinary incontinence secondary to a suspected congenital urethral deformity in a kitten

Ultrasonographic detection of apex nodules in the urinary bladder of Scottish Terriers

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