Ultrasonic evaluation of fatigue cracks at the wheel seat of a miniature wheelset

Makino, Kazunari; Biwa, Shiro; Sakamoto, Hiroshi; Yohso, Jiro

doi:10.1080/10589759.2011.577430

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Because the press-fitted joint between the wheel seat and the axle is one of the critical points of fatigue damage initiation, 30 it was necessary to verify how surface induction hardening affects the fatigue resistance of the wheel seat in comparison with standard heat treatment. For this purpose, the press-fitted joints of the shaft and flange were tested at 1:3 scale in comparison with the joints at actual size.…”

Section: Materials For Axle Manufacture and Its Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatigue limit of induction hardened railway axles

Fajkoš

Zima

Strnadel

2015

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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A B S T R A C T A new surface induction hardening technology was designed for the purpose of increasing the resistance of railway wheelsets to fatigue damage. This paper gives a detailed presentation of the technological aspects of induction hardening of axles. The increased fatigue resistance in hardened surfaces compared with standard heat treatment of EA4T steel was verified using tensile test specimens, press-fitted wheel seat/axle joints at 1:3 scale and press-fitted wheel/axle joints at actual size. The 70% increase in the fatigue limit of induction hardened EA4T steel specimens compared with material subjected to standard heat treatment clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of this technology.A = parameter A 5 = ductility B = parameter C = parameter d = axle body diameter D = wheel seat diameter f = loading frequency f i = frequency HV30 = hardness i = test level M = bending moment q = notch sensitivity parameter R = aspect ratio R e = yield strength R fL = fatigue limit for the smooth specimen R fE = fatigue limit for notched specimen R m = tensile strength R 0 = the lowest level of stress ŝ = standard deviation W o = modulus of resistance of the test specimen section δ = difference in stress between neighbouring test levels Δ = parameter depending on A, B, C ε_ = strain rate I N T R O D U C T I O NDemands for higher reliability and safety of railway vehicles have brought intensive research of degradation processes in railway wheelsets 1-3 and new approaches to wheelset design. 4 Extremely high repeated contact stresses between wheels and rails cause rolling contact fatigue. 1,2 A very serious form of damage to wheel seats is fretting fatigue, caused by small-amplitude oscillatory movement of wheels in press-fitted seat/axle joints. 3

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Section: Materials For Axle Manufacture and Its Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the press‐fitted joint between the wheel seat and the axle is one of the critical points of fatigue damage initiation, it was necessary to verify how surface induction hardening affects the fatigue resistance of the wheel seat in comparison with standard heat treatment.…”

Section: Testing Materials and Experimental Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue limit of induction hardened railway axles

Fajkoš

Zima

Strnadel

2015

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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“…First, we explain an overview of the ultrasonic testing of a fatigue crack in a miniature wheelset test piece as reported in Ref. [9]. Although the experimental study described in this reference involved two types of ultrasound incidence (angled shear wave and grazing shear-horizontal wave) and two fatigue cracks with different depths, only the results pertinent to the present discussion are outlined here.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Test Results For Fatigue Crackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) Axle-wheel interface, (2) Crack face I: Obliquely incident shear wave R: Reflected wave toward the probe T 1 : Transmitted wave through the reflecting surface (1) In the previous report [9], it was clarified that the echo height of a fatigue crack at the wheel seat in the ultrasonic experiment was significantly reduced by the presence of a wheel. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the influence of the axle-wheel interface on the ultrasonic testing of a fatigue crack in a wheelset in a more quantitative manner, by applying the spring interface model [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of axle–wheel interface on ultrasonic testing of fatigue cracks in wheelset

Makino¹,

Biwa²

2013

Ultrasonics

Self Cite

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For the ultrasonic testing at the wheel seat of railway axles, quantitative investigation of the reflection and transmission phenomena at the axle-wheel interface is important. This paper describes the influence of the axle-wheel interface on the ultrasonic testing of a fatigue crack in a wheelset by applying the spring interface model. The normal and tangential stiffnesses were identified experimentally for an as-manufactured wheelset at the normal incidence, and the reflection coefficient for the shear-wave oblique incidence was calculated. A parametric study was performed to clarify the influence of these interfacial stiffnesses on the incident-angle dependence of the reflection coefficient. The calculated reflection coefficient at the incident angle of 45° qualitatively explained the relative echo-height decrease due to the presence of a wheel observed experimentally for a wheelset in fatigue loading by rotating bending. The quantitative difference between the experimental and calculated results was considered to be due to the reduction of the effective interference of shrink fit by the wear at the axle-wheel interface during the fatigue loading as well as by the applied bending moment. For the estimated relative echo-height decrease to agree with the experimental results, the interfacial stiffnesses were found to be smaller than the values identified for the as-manufactured wheelset by a factor of 0.5-0.7.

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“…This closure effect acts to mask the crack tip from the interrogating ultrasound wave, introducing a reduction in sizing accuracy, and can lead to the unfortunate error of underestimating the size and severity of the damage. This effect of this phenomenon on ultrasonic crack response signals has been demonstrated for metallic components used in high-end safety-critical applications such as aircraft or rail wheelsets [12,13]. In some cases, the problem can be mitigated by the application of appropriately directed loads in order to open cracks during an inspection, though this is generally impractical in many applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic detection and sizing of compressed cracks in glass- and carbon-fibre reinforced plastic composites

Ibrahim

Smith

Wang

2017

NDT & E International

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Non-destructive evaluation of compressed cracks is a major challenge. A quantitative study of the effect of crack-tip closure on the pulse-echo ultrasonic sizing of delaminations in fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix composites (FRP) is presented. In particular, this study focuses on the interaction of ultrasound with a closed crack or kissing disbond, and their effect on the ultrasonic inspectability of FRP laminates consisting of carbon and glass plies. The compression of laminar cracks in these two different laminate types is clearly detectable via both pulse-echo and through-transmission ultrasonic measurements, but the reflected ultrasonic pulses in the two material types exhibit markedly different behaviour. The glass-fibre laminates show a drop in the reflected signal for crack openings up to approximately half the crack growth load, whereas the corresponding carbon-fibre laminates show the expected increase in the reflected signal as the crack opens. The origins of the observed effect of crack closure on the reflection and transmission of ultrasound are analysed in detail to ascertain possible mechanisms responsible for these effects.

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Ultrasonic evaluation of fatigue cracks at the wheel seat of a miniature wheelset

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Fatigue limit of induction hardened railway axles

Fatigue limit of induction hardened railway axles

Influence of axle–wheel interface on ultrasonic testing of fatigue cracks in wheelset

Ultrasonic detection and sizing of compressed cracks in glass- and carbon-fibre reinforced plastic composites

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