Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissue Structure in the In Vivo Human Liver and Spleen

Fellingham, Linda L.; Sommer, F. Graham

doi:10.1109/t-su.1984.31522

Cited by 161 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…4C) However, the increased mass of cellular tissue may act to spread the collagenous trabeculae, so that the tissue path interrogated by a given A-line has a lower probability of containing large specular scatterers than of containing fine reticulin scatterers, giving the lymphomatous spleen scattering characteristics closer to an f frequency dependency. This model is consistent with earlier studies that found that the mean scatterer spacing for splenic tissue was increased by lymphomatous involvement [13][14][15]. Another way of considering the involved spleen is that lymphomatous nodules act analogously to the polystyrene target: both may be foci with a higher frequency dependency of backscatter than surrounding structures, which may therefore appear as bright spots in narrow-band images, and increase the overall amplitude of the narrow-band-filtered backscatter.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Characterization of splenic structure in Hodgkin disease by using narrow-band filtration of backscattered ultrasound

Friedman

Sommer²,

Hs³

et al. 1989

American Journal of Roentgenology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Characterization of splenic structure in Hodgkin disease by using narrow-band filtration of backscattered ultrasound

Friedman

Sommer²,

Hs³

et al. 1989

American Journal of Roentgenology

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“…The variable 2k is the difference in wave vector between incoming and backscattered waves. Assuming spherical symmetry, 16 (21) In the small-scatterer or long-wavelength limit this becomes (22) where a 0 is the radius of the scatterer and γκ is the average value of γ κ over the scatterer.…”

Section: Second-order Statistics For Complex Amplitudementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of investigators have reported observing such structure in abdominal organ tissue. [20][21][22][23] The pulse in diagnostic ultrasound is usually about three wavelengths long-about 1-2 mm. This means that these regular structures are partially resolved and therefore produce a line spectrum corresponding to this spacing (scaled by c/2) that will be directly superimposed upon the measured diffusescatterer rf power spectrum.…”

Section: Second-order Statistics For Complex Amplitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical properties of radio-frequency and envelope-detected signals with applications to medical ultrasound

1987

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Both radio-frequency (rf) and envelope-detected signal analyses have lead to successful tissue discrimination in medical ultrasound. The extrapolation from tissue discrimination to a description of the tissue structure requires an analysis of the statistics of complex signals. To that end, firstand second-order statistics of complex random signals are reviewed, and an example is taken from rf signal analysis of the backscattered echoes from diffuse scatterers. In this case the scattering form factor of small scatterers can be easily separated from long-range structure and corrected for the transducer characteristics, thereby yielding an instrument-independent tissue signature. The statistics of the more economical envelope-and square-law-detected signals are derived next and found to be almost identical when normalized autocorrelation functions are used. Of the two nonlinear methods of detection, the square-law or intensity scheme gives rise to statistics that are more transparent to physical insight. Moreover, an analysis of the intensity-correlation structure indicates that the contributions to the total echo signal from the diffuse scatter and from the steady and variable components of coherent scatter can still be separated and used for tissue characterization. However, this analysis is not system independent. Finally, the statistical methods of this paper may be applied directly to envelope signals in nuclear-magnetic-resonance imaging because of the approximate equivalence of second-order statistics for magnitude and intensity.

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“…Melton and Magnin considered the problem of frequency compounding using pulsed sinusoids with a Gaussian temporal envelope, (20) where the temporal bandwidth B = 1/πT. They showed that the correlations relevant to the problem of frequency compounding from central frequencies f 1 and f 2 are dominated by the Fourier transform of p 2 (t) in the variable Δf = f 2 − f 1 .…”

Section: Correlations Between Images To Be Frequency Compoundedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental correlation lengths of coherent speckle in medical ultrasonic images

Wagner

Insana

Smith

1988

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

209

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Refinements to previous analyses of the natural correlation lengths within simple images and between images to be compounded are presented. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results show very good agreement for the case of Rayleigh scattering media: the correlation length within a simple image is comparable to the resolution cell size; the correlation length between images to be spatially compounded is comparable to, but smaller than, the transducer or array aperture; and the correlation length between images to be frequency compounded becomes a frequency comparable to their bandwidth. Complications arising from the presence of specular scattering or due to the presence of just a few scatterers are considered. It is shown that straightforward solutions exist for either one of these problems taken by itself. When they occur in combination, calibration techniques may lead to unambiguous identification of the contributions to the scattering from diffuse or incoherent scattering and from specular or coherent scattering, and to estimation of the density of diffuse scatterers.

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Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissue Structure in the In Vivo Human Liver and Spleen

Cited by 161 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of splenic structure in Hodgkin disease by using narrow-band filtration of backscattered ultrasound

Characterization of splenic structure in Hodgkin disease by using narrow-band filtration of backscattered ultrasound

Statistical properties of radio-frequency and envelope-detected signals with applications to medical ultrasound

Fundamental correlation lengths of coherent speckle in medical ultrasonic images

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