“…The phantoms were jointly developed by the laboratories of Professor Waag and Professor Ernest Madsen of the University of Wisconsin. The first-and second-order statistics of spatial variations in the energy and arrival times of ultrasound pulses distorted by these phantoms are comparable to previous measurements of aberration produced by transmission through human abdominal wall specimens ͑Lacefield, Pilkington, and Waag, 2002͒. The phantoms are distinguished from more idealized physical models of aberration by the inclusion of three-dimensionally distributed aberrating structures and by the production of statistically realistic energy fluctuations.…”