Ultrasonic‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a simple and green deep eutectic solvent for preconcentration of macrolides from swine urine samples

Abstract

In this study, a simple and green deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquidliquid microextraction methodology had been proposed for the assessment of four macrolides in swine urine samples. Some important parameters including type and volume of extraction solvent and demulsifier solvent, sample pH, salt concentration affecting extraction efficiency were investigated. The quantitative recoveries were achieved at pH 9 and 20% (w/v) NaCl by using 0.3 mL of deep eutectic solvent consisting of choline chloride-phenol (1:2, molar ratio) and 0.3 mL of tetrahydrofuran. Under optimal conditions, the linear ranges of four macrolides were 0.5-20.0 μg/L with correlation coefficient higher than 0.999. Limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.02-0.1 and 0.1-0.5 μg/L, respectively. The relative recoveries for macrolides in spiked swine urine samples ranged from 80 to 93% with relative standard deviations less than 6%. K E Y W O R D Sdeep eutectic solvents, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, macrolides, urine samples 22

Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…In addition to the application for environmental samples, there are references for food and biological samples, [ 112 , 113 ], such as Ji’s et al research for determination of sulfonamides in fruit juices with HPLC-UV. In this experiment, 0.8 mL of a TAC and 2-octanol DES (1:2 molar ratio) was used as extraction solvent to preconcentrate sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxine through UA-DES-LLME.…”

“…The extraction efficiency was affected by pH and salt concentration, set to 9.0 and 20% ( w/v ), respectively. The extraction was followed by LC-MS/MS analysis, where LODs were in the range of 0.02–0.1 μg/L and relative recoveries from 80 to 93% for spiked samples, not less than those of other methods for macrolides, but its novelty focuses on the short time of sample preparation and chromatographic separation [ 113 ].…”

Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry—A Rapid and Accurate Method for Detecting 10 Macrolide Residues in Aquatic Products

“…The time consumed by sample pre-treatment usually accounts for more than two-thirds of the whole analytical cycle, which is the key to obtaining accurate results. At present, liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] and solid-phase extraction (SPE) [ 15 , 16 , 17 ] are the main pre-treatment and purification methods for determining antibiotic residues in biological samples. SPE removes impurities quickly and effectively and uses fewer organic solvents compared to LLE [ 18 ].…”

Development of a CSDF-ME method using a new deep eutectic solvent for the microextraction and determination of antibiotic drugs in wastewater and urine samples

“…34 They have been widely used in the LPME for antibiotic drug determination, for example, pHinduced deep eutectic solvent based homogeneous LLME, 35 vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction based on the solidification of the deep eutectic solvent, 36 deep eutectic solvent used during solidification of floating organic droplet-liquidliquid microextraction method, 37 and ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on a simple and green deep eutectic solvent. 38 Choline chloride is a bifunctional organic compound that is composed of a quaternary ammonium salt and an alcohol. It has been repeatedly used as a hydrogen bond acceptor due to its unique properties such as simple preparation, nontoxic nature, good biodegradability, and little or no impact on the bioactivity of target analytes.…”

“…34 They have been widely used in the LPME for antibiotic drug determination, for example, pH-induced deep eutectic solvent based homogeneous LLME, 35 vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction based on the solidification of the deep eutectic solvent, 36 deep eutectic solvent used during solidification of floating organic droplet-liquid–liquid microextraction method, 37 and ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a simple and green deep eutectic solvent. 38…”