“…Furthermore, according to Fig. 3 ., it can be observed that the N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms on BZ and NaBZ show an isotherm type IV according to IUPAC and present hysteresis loops type H1, indicating that BZ and NaBZ are mesoporous minerals consisting of agglomerations of uniform spheres in a regular shape with narrow pore size distribution [ [47] , [48] , [49] ]. Fig.…”
“…Furthermore, according to Fig. 3 ., it can be observed that the N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms on BZ and NaBZ show an isotherm type IV according to IUPAC and present hysteresis loops type H1, indicating that BZ and NaBZ are mesoporous minerals consisting of agglomerations of uniform spheres in a regular shape with narrow pore size distribution [ [47] , [48] , [49] ]. Fig.…”
“…Water and wastewater have been treated with ZTs, and this method continues to show promise for environmental cleaning processes. Over the past few decades, the application of ZTs has focused on eliminating ammonium and heavy metals due to ZT’s pronounced ion-exchange capabilities [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Here, ZT’s affinity (from deposits in Serbia) is presented for some metal cations.…”
Adsorptive, catalytic, and antibacterial properties of clinoptilolite-rich tuffs (ZT) are presented here. ZT transformed into Fe-containing ZT (Fe-ZT) removes various organic and inorganic anions from water. Fe-ZT, which contains selenium, is beneficial for growing Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. The fungi convert inorganic Se from Fe-ZT into a more useful organically bonded form. ZT and Fe-ZT as supplements retain nitrogen and potassium in sandy, silty loam and silty clay soils. ZT shows an affinity toward toxic metal cations, which are essential for cleaning contaminated water. The adsorption of atenolol, acetylsalicylic, and salicylic acid onto M-ZT (M–Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, or Zn2+) from water solutions suggests that both the natures of M and pharmaceuticals have a significant impact on the adsorption mechanism and determine the adsorption capability of the ZT. ZT is an excellent carrier for ultrafine (2–5 nm) nano oxide particles, which have been shown to have catalytic activity in different chemical processes and photodegradation reactions of organic pollutants. ZT can also be transformed into SO4-SnO2-ZT, which is catalytically active as a solid acid. M-ZT is an effective carrier of valuable bacteria. Ag-ZT possesses beneficial bactericidal activity in disinfecting water and soil remediation.
“…Such treatment increased the temperature resistance of the zeolite (from 150 °C to 400 °C) and also increased the ammonium ion uptake rate (AIU) by 4.3 times compared to the raw zeolite. The effect of clinoptilolite modification with ultrasound-assisted chemicals (NaOH, HCl, and FeCl 3 ) on the efficiency of ammonium ion removal from water was evaluated by Jahani et al [ 177 ]. The highest ammonium removal efficiency (≥99%) was observed after the acid-modified zeolite.…”
Zeolites, a group of minerals with unique properties, have been known for more than 250 years. However, it was the development of methods for hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites and their large-scale industrial applications (oil processing, agriculture, production of detergents and building materials, water treatment processes, etc.) that made them one of the most important materials of the 20th century, with great practical and research significance. The orderly, homogeneous crystalline and porous structure of zeolites, their susceptibility to various modifications, and their useful physicochemical properties contribute to the continuous expansion of their practical applications in both large-volume processes (ion exchange, adsorption, separation of mixture components, catalysis) and specialized ones (sensors). The following review of the knowledge available in the literature on zeolites aims to present the most important information on the properties, synthesis methods, and selected applications of this group of aluminosilicates. Special attention is given to the use of zeolites in agriculture and environmental protection.
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