“…In mammals, a variety of cells secrete EVs, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), B cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, nerve cells, tumor cells, oligodendrocytes, platelets, epithelial cells, and mast cells (Zeringer et al, 2015). EVs are mainly detected in diverse body fluids, such as blood (Ermakov et al, 2019; Zhang et al, 2020), amniotic fluid (Dixon et al, 2018; Tracy et al, 2019; Xiao, Cheng, et al, 2016), breast milk (Hock et al, 2017; Miyake et al, 2020), urine (Danarto et al, 2020, Duan et al, 2021), synovial fluid (Domenis et al, 2017; Kolhe et al, 2017), and saliva (Michael et al, 2010; Ogawa et al, 2011). In general, there is a double‐layer spherical membrane composed of uniform lipids in the outer layer of the EVs (Phan et al, 2018), preserving the contents and preventing degradation.…”