Ultrasensitive Magnetic Field Sensors for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

The development of magnetic field sensors for biomedical applications primarily focuses on equivalent magnetic noise reduction or overall design improvement in order to make them smaller and cheaper while keeping the required values of a limit of detection. One of the cutting-edge topics today is the use of magnetic field sensors for applications such as magnetocardiography, magnetotomography, magnetomyography, magnetoneurography, or their application in point-of-care devices. This introductory review focuses on modern magnetic field sensors suitable for biomedicine applications from a physical point of view and provides an overview of recent studies in this field. Types of magnetic field sensors include direct current superconducting quantum interference devices, search coil, fluxgate, magnetoelectric, giant magneto-impedance, anisotropic/giant/tunneling magnetoresistance, optically pumped, cavity optomechanical, Hall effect, magnetoelastic, spin wave interferometry, and those based on the behavior of nitrogen-vacancy centers in the atomic lattice of diamond.

Magnetoelectrics: Three Centuries of Research Heading Towards the 4.0 Industrial Revolution

“…In one hand, it is essential to pursue new piezomagnetic and piezoelectric materials for achieving higher magnetostrictive and piezoelectric coefficients [ 111 ]. In this context, [ 112 ] it was shown that the introduction of CaZrO3 increased electric field–induced strain behavior and stated that, nowadays it is possible to achieve high piezoelectric coefficient d 33 over 400 pC/N even in non-textured KNN ceramics, although there still persist some serious challenges for large-scale applications. It was also suggested the creation of a real MPB as in PZT system to solve the reasonably large temperature dependence of piezoelectric properties of KNN-based ceramics, which is full of scientific interest and technical importance.…”

“…With respect to applications of ME sensors in real-world environments, it is often concluded that the magnetic field sensitivity is harmed by contamination of the ME signals by external vibration noise sources and that, therefore, the decrease or even the elimination of the external noise is an essential challenge for the ME sensors [ 112 ]. The encapsulation of the materials and the use of resonant frequencies outside the contamination noise range are directions that should be followed.…”

“…Spatial resolution, relative technical simplicity and tailored biocompatibility are some of the advantages of this technology. Still in the biomedical field, ME composites will also allow the mapping of magnetic fields from smaller magnetic sources (brain) and increase the sensitivity of microfluidic analysis in the context of experiments with biological samples [ 112 ].…”

Self-Powered Flexible Sour Sensor for Detecting Ascorbic Acid Concentration Based on Triboelectrification/Enzymatic-Reaction Coupling Effect

“…Furthermore, in recent years, the establishment of body-electric interfaces has attracted notable attention via multifarious electronic skins for capturing indexed in big data analytics [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Some devices can detect toxic agents in the environment and define the quality of the food, and some devices can reflect the human body movement state and physiological information [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. For example, sensors for gustation recognition are immersed in the measured solution, and the changes of the electrical signal can recognize the flavor [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Modelling and Measurement of Magnetically Soft Nanowire Arrays for Sensor Applications

“…The wire-core sensor has high spatial resolution, and it is therefore convenient for measurements of small field sources such as microbeads [4,5].…”