Ultras in Turkey: othering, agency, and culture as a political domain

‘Football fans are not thugs’: communication and the future of fan engagement in the policing of Scottish football

“…Whilst a relatively recent phenomenon in Scottish football, the historical origins of ultras culture, and perhaps its most potent and purest expression, lie in Italian football, where it emerged in the mid-twentieth century (see Testa and Armstrong 2008, Scalia 2009). Yet with the increasing globalisation of the game, catalysed through both mass media and social media, ultras culture has percolated across Europe (see Spaaij and Viñas 2005, Kennedy 2013, Kossakowski et al 2018, Nuhrat 2018, Ziesche 2018, Joern and Havelund 2020 and beyond. In Scotland ultras groups are comprised predominantly, but not exclusively, of young people; and such groups have direct experience of the enforcement-led and surveillance intensive policing practices that were adopted following the passing of the 2012 Act (see Lavalette and Mooney 2013).…”

Hooligans, Ultras, Activists

“…In recent years, there have been many papers and books published, dedicated to local, European fan environments. Except English football fandom case which is well evaluated and described, it is possible to gain knowledge, for example, on Italian ultras scene (Doidge 2015), German fandom (Gabler 2010), sophisticated and complicated Balkan ethnic and national mosaic (Hodges 2019), Danish (Pfister et al 2013), Spanish (Llopis-Goig 2015), Czech (Numerato 2018), Romanian (Guțu 2017), Turkish (Nuhrat 2018) and many more. These works clearly xi demonstrate that every regional and national case is different, and that the hooligans' 'optics' is definitely too limited to describe the richness of fandom cultures across Europe.…”