Ultrapure Water: Properties, Production, and Use

Mel’nik, L. A.; Krysenko, D. A.

doi:10.3103/s1063455x19030020

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These differences in the discharge characteristics might be due to the electrical conductivity 22 . This notion is supported by the fact described below that there is a marked difference in physical and chemical characteristics between UPW or castor oil, which has a low conductivity 23 , 24 , and PBS with a high conductivity. Moreover, the changes in electrical conductivity of UPW by generation of chemical species induced a slight difference in the discharge characteristics between UPW and castor oil.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Potential generation of nano-sized mist by passing a solution through dielectric barrier discharge

Watanabe

Tanaka

Miyaji

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Plasma medicine, a therapeutic technology that uses atmospheric-pressure plasma, is attracting much attention as an innovative tool for the medical field. Most of the plasma biomedical tools use direct effects, such as heat, optical stimulation, and reactive chemical species, on the lesion. Nanoparticulation techniques using indirect action by plasma, i.e., generation of electric fields, have the potential to be applied to promote transdermal absorption, where drugs pass through the barrier function of skin and penetrate into internal tissues. Here, we show a method to directly generate the nano-sized mist by passing a solution through the dielectric barrier discharge. This method enables us to produce the mist potentially in the nanometer size range for both water-based and oil-based solutions. Ease of mist generation was influenced by the plasma-induced changes in physical and chemical characteristics, including electrical conductivity, viscosity, and chemical species. We anticipate the developed method for nano-sized mist generation to provide a technique in the applications of the transdermal absorption system, including those related to pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Potential generation of nano-sized mist by passing a solution through dielectric barrier discharge

Watanabe

Tanaka

Miyaji

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Accordingly, highly accurate values of DC properties are specified in many articles, such as [58], and in international standards, such as those presented in [59][60][61][62]. Moreover, the quality control of water, especially PW and ultra-pure water (UPW) [60][61][62][63][64], is based on DC measurements. Therefore, in this work, the analysis of water properties was performed based on the research results reported in virtually literature.…”

Section: Properties Of Moist Nytro Bio 300x Insulating Oil-impregnate...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Influence of Insulation Moisture during Long-Term Exploitation of Transformers on Their Reliability as Determined by Alternating Current Electrical Parameters

Zukowski,

Kierczynski,

Rogalski

et al. 2024

Energies

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This paper presents the results of the study of the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrical properties of an electrical pressboard–bio-insulating oil–water composite in a wide range of water content and temperatures used in electric power transformers. These parameters allow the level of insulation reliability to be determined after many years of operation of power transformers. To analyse the experimental results, a model of the DC and AC conductivities of nanocomposites based on the quantum-mechanical phenomenon of electron tunnelling was used. It was found that in a low-frequency region, the conductivities of AC and DC and their activation energy are equal. The relaxation times of AC conductivity and permittivity are also equal. It was found that the dependence of the DC conductivity on the distance between water molecules is an exponential function. On the basis of the model of conductivity by electron tunnelling between potential wells, the average number of water molecules in a nanodroplet, located in a composite of electrical pressboard–bio-insulating oil–moisture was determined to be (126 ± 20). It was found that the measured dependencies of DC and AC conductivity, permeability and dielectric relaxation times are consistent with the results of computer simulations performed on the basis of the model. This study showed that the composite of pressboard impregnated with bio-oil spontaneously transforms through water absorption into a pressboard–bio-oil–water nanocomposite. These will serve as the basis for the application of actual conductivity and dielectric relaxation mechanisms to improve the accuracy of moisture estimation in the solid component of power transformer insulation carried out on the basis of measurements of DC and AC properties. This will improve the operational safety of the transformers, minimise the occurrence of transformer failure and the associated environmental pollution.

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“…Although distillation methods can yield water with a concentration of salts that comply with the requirements of some electrolyzer manufacturers (conductivities under 1 µS/cm), they often recommend even higher purities. The produced desalinated water can be further processed to drive down the impurity content to values corresponding to ultrapure water, with salinity contents in the order of ppb and resistivities > 18.1 MΩ/cm, a resistivity that complies with pharmaceutical standards [33,34]. Processing desalinated seawater to increase water purity to comply with the standard for ultra-pure water, ASTM D5127 [34], can have a cost increase ranging from 2.38 to 5.28 USD/m 3 [35].…”

Section: Water Purificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaline Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production at Sea: Perspectives on Economic Performance

et al. 2023

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Alkaline electrolysis is already a proven technology on land, with a high maturity level and good economic performance. However, at sea, little is known about its economic performance toward hydrogen production. Alkaline electrolysis units operate with purified water to split its molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Purified water, and especially that sourced from the sea, has a variable cost that ultimately depends on its quality. However, the impurities present in that purified water have a deleterious effect on the electrolyte of alkaline electrolysis units that cause them to drop their energy efficiency. This, in turn, implies a source of economic losses resulting from the cost of electricity. In addition, at sea, there are various options regarding the electrolyte management, of which the cost depends on various factors. All these factors ultimately impact on the levelized cost of the produced hydrogen. This article aims to shed some light on the economic performance of alkaline electrolysis units operating under sea conditions, highlighting the knowledge gaps in the literature and initiating a debate in the field.

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Ultrapure Water: Properties, Production, and Use

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Potential generation of nano-sized mist by passing a solution through dielectric barrier discharge

Potential generation of nano-sized mist by passing a solution through dielectric barrier discharge

Analysis of the Influence of Insulation Moisture during Long-Term Exploitation of Transformers on Their Reliability as Determined by Alternating Current Electrical Parameters

Alkaline Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production at Sea: Perspectives on Economic Performance

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