Ultralow viscosity of carbonate melts at high pressures

Kono, Yoshio; Kenney‐Benson, Curtis; Hummer, Daniel R.; Ohfuji, Hiroaki; Park, Changyong; Shen, Guoyin; Wang, Yanbin; Kavner, A.; Manning, Craig E.

doi:10.1038/ncomms6091

Cited by 149 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Later, the viscosity measurements were carried out with improved frame rate of 60-125 frames/s in (e.g., Liebske et al, 2005Terasaki et al, 2006). In the present day, viscosity measurement with much higher frame rate of up to 2000 frames/s (this study; Kono et al, 2013Kono et al, , 2014b enables us to precisely measure viscosity of less viscous liquids at high pressures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

High-pressure viscosity of liquid Fe and FeS revisited by falling sphere viscometry using ultrafast X-ray imaging

Kono

Kenney‐Benson

Shibazaki

et al. 2015

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

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a b s t r a c tThe viscosity of liquid Fe and FeS has been extensively studied, yielding results differing by almost a factor of ten (2.4-23.7 mPa s for liquid Fe, 3.6-17.9 mPa s for liquid FeS, and 7.4-35.6 mPa s for the Fe-S eutectic composition), possibly due to the low resolution of slow cameras previously employed (typically 30-60 frames/s) in falling sphere measurements using X-ray radiography. Here we revisit the viscosity of liquid Fe and FeS up to 6.4 GPa using recently developed ultrafast X-ray imaging. In this study, we imaged the falling spheres at a rate of 500 frames/s, which is around 10 times faster than previous viscosity measurements. Our measurements showed that terminal velocity is achieved only in a limited region of falling distance, and that substantial oversampling, using sufficiently high-speed X-ray imaging, is essential to accurately determine the terminal velocity and the resulting viscosity. We obtained a viscosity of 6.1-7.4 mPa s for liquid Fe and 4.7-5.7 mPa s for liquid FeS at pressures to 6.4 GPa along their respective melting curves. The viscosity of liquid FeS is about 25-35% lower than that of liquid Fe between around 2 and 6.4 GPa along their respective melting curves. After correction for the effect of different melting temperatures between Fe and FeS on viscosity, we found that viscosity of liquid FeS is 31-42% lower than that of liquid Fe at 1800°C and 1-6 GPa, suggesting that sulfur markedly decreases viscosity in liquid Fe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

High-pressure viscosity of liquid Fe and FeS revisited by falling sphere viscometry using ultrafast X-ray imaging

Kono

Kenney‐Benson

Shibazaki

et al. 2015

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

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“…The sound speeds are compiled in Table 2 for each frequency and temperature of measurement. The data show no frequency dependence to the sound speeds; this relaxed behavior is expected because of the low viscosity of the carbonate liquids (Dobson et al 1996;Kono et al 2014). Experimental errors are ≤35 m/s on the basis of reproducibility, when a sample is re-loaded and measured weeks or months apart.…”

Section: Sound-speed Datamentioning

confidence: 84%

The compressibility of CaCO3–Li2CO3–Na2CO3–K2CO3 liquids: application to natrocarbonatite and CO2-bearing nephelinite liquids from Oldoinyo Lengai

O'Leary

Lange

2015

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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dense than the average melt density (~2.67 g/cm 3 ) calculated for associated Mg-poor nephelinite liquids at the same conditions and volatile-free. However, the dissolution of 10.1 wt% H 2 O and 8.7 wt% CO 2 in the average nephelinite melt (based on volatile contents reported in the literature for these magmas) reduces its density to ~2.14 g/ cm 3 at 1150 °C and 1 GPa, eliminating the buoyancy contrast with the natrocarbonate melt. In turn, it is highly likely that the natrocarbonatite melts contained significant amounts of dissolved H 2 O and, as an example, the addition of 10 wt% H 2 O lowers the melt density by ~14 % to ~1.88 g/cm 3 , and therefore re-establishes a large density contrast with the volatile-rich nephelinite melts.

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“…At upper mantle conditions, carbonate melts differ from silicate melts. They exhibit ultra-low viscosity potentially resulting in high mobilities 27 . Preliminary theoretical studies predict that carbonate melt viscosity increases at high pressures 28 , which would inhibit mobility of carbonate melts in the lower mantle and might lead to the presence of deep carbon reservoirs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrahedrally coordinated carbonates in Earth’s lower mantle

et al. 2015

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Carbonates are the main species that bring carbon deep into our planet through subduction. They are an important rock-forming mineral group, fundamentally distinct from silicates in the Earth's crust in that carbon binds to three oxygen atoms, while silicon is bonded to four oxygens. Here we present experimental evidence that under the sufficiently high pressures and high temperatures existing in the lower mantle, ferromagnesian carbonates transform to a phase with tetrahedrally coordinated carbons. Above 80 GPa, in situ synchrotron infrared experiments show the unequivocal spectroscopic signature of the high-pressure phase of (Mg,Fe)CO 3 . Using ab-initio calculations, we assign the new infrared signature to C-O bands associated with tetrahedrally coordinated carbon with asymmetric C-O bonds. Tetrahedrally coordinated carbonates are expected to exhibit substantially different reactivity than low-pressure threefold coordinated carbonates, as well as different chemical properties in the liquid state. Hence, this may have significant implications for carbon reservoirs and fluxes, and the global geodynamic carbon cycle.

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Ultralow viscosity of carbonate melts at high pressures

Cited by 149 publications

References 62 publications

High-pressure viscosity of liquid Fe and FeS revisited by falling sphere viscometry using ultrafast X-ray imaging

High-pressure viscosity of liquid Fe and FeS revisited by falling sphere viscometry using ultrafast X-ray imaging

The compressibility of CaCO3–Li2CO3–Na2CO3–K2CO3 liquids: application to natrocarbonatite and CO2-bearing nephelinite liquids from Oldoinyo Lengai

Tetrahedrally coordinated carbonates in Earth’s lower mantle

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