Ultralow-power hydrogen sensing with single palladium nanowires

Offermans, P.; Tong, Hien D.; Rijn, C.J.M. van; Merken, Patrick; Brongersma, Sywert; Crego‐Calama, Mercedes

doi:10.1063/1.3132064

Cited by 152 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Because it is flammable between concentrations of 4% and 75% in air, safety sensors for leak detection are required. In recent years, a variety of sensor concepts has emerged such as resistivitybased [1,2], MOS-based [3,4], optical [5], cantilever-based [6] or nanogap-based sensors [7,8]. Most of these devices make use of palladium (Pd) as the sensitive material because of its highly catalytic surface and a large solubility of atomic hydrogen [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast and robust hydrogen sensors based on discontinuous palladium films on polyimide, fabricated on a wafer scale

et al. 2010

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Fast hydrogen sensors based on discontinuous palladium (Pd) films on supporting polyimide layers, fabricated by a cost-efficient and full-wafer compatible process, are presented. The films, deposited by electron-beam evaporation with a nominal thickness of 1.5 nm, consist of isolated Pd islands that are separated by nanoscopic gaps. On hydrogenation, the volume expansion of Pd brings initially separated islands into contact which leads to the creation of new electrical pathways through the film. The supporting polyimide layer provides both sufficient elasticity for the Pd nanoclusters to expand on hydrogenation and a sufficiently high surface energy for good adhesion of both film and contacting electrodes. The novel order of the fabrication processes involves a dicing step prior to the Pd deposition and stencil lithography for the patterning of microelectrodes. This allows us to preserve the as-deposited film properties. The devices work at room temperature, show response times of a few seconds and have a low power consumption of some tens of nW.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast and robust hydrogen sensors based on discontinuous palladium films on polyimide, fabricated on a wafer scale

et al. 2010

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“…10 In the field of sensor devices, low-frequency noise measurements have been performed in order to gain information on their detection limit. 11,12 Moreover, this characterization technique is a promising candidate for selective gas sensing because of specific noise spectrum characteristics in the presence of different gas molecules. [13][14][15] Low-frequency conductance fluctuations of metal oxide nanowire transistors have been studied for the case of SnO 2 nanowires 16 and ZnO nanowires.…”

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confidence: 99%

Low-frequency noise characterization of single CuO nanowire gas sensor devices

Steinhauer

Köck

Gspan

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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Low-frequency noise properties of single CuO nanowire devices were investigated under gas sensor operation conditions in dry and humid synthetic air at 350 °C. A 1/f noise spectrum was found with the normalized power spectral density of current fluctuations typically a factor of 2 higher for humid compared to dry atmosphere. A core-shell nanowire model is proposed to treat the noise as parallel combination of gas-independent bulk and gas-dependent surface noise components. The observed increase in 1/f noise in the presence of water vapor is explained in terms of Hooge's mobility fluctuation model, where the increased surface noise component is attributed to carrier scattering at potential fluctuations due to hydroxyl groups at the nanowire surface.

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“…This is in contrast to common H 2 sensors using bulk Pd, where the increased scattering of conducting electrons at absorbed interstitial H-atoms gives rise to an increase in electrical resistivity. [9][10][11] To optimize such sensors based on ultrathin Pd films, a precise understanding of the electric transport mechanisms and hydrogen sensing behavior as a function of the morphology is essential. The existence of distinct H 2 sensing behavior for continuous and entirely discontinuous Pd structures has been previously reported using various substrate materials such as HOPG, 8 Si, 12 SiO 2 , 5 Si 3 N 4 ͑Ref.…”

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confidence: 99%

The transition in hydrogen sensing behavior in noncontinuous palladium films

Kiefer

Villanueva

Fargier

et al. 2010

Applied Physics Letters

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The morphological transition in ultrathin palladium ͑Pd͒ films around the percolation threshold and the related transition in hydrogen sensing behavior is investigated. We find that besides the transition from continuous to discontinuous Pd, an intermediate -semicontinuous-state must be considered. It shows hydrogen sensing features of both continuous and discontinuous film types, simultaneously. This study focuses on the discontinuous-semicontinuous transition. Experimental evidence is supported by studying the evolution of the electrical resistance with temperature, under hydrogen exposure and after thermal annealing. The results are highly relevant for the optimization of nanogap based hydrogen sensors.

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Ultralow-power hydrogen sensing with single palladium nanowires

Cited by 152 publications

References 11 publications

Fast and robust hydrogen sensors based on discontinuous palladium films on polyimide, fabricated on a wafer scale

Fast and robust hydrogen sensors based on discontinuous palladium films on polyimide, fabricated on a wafer scale

Low-frequency noise characterization of single CuO nanowire gas sensor devices

The transition in hydrogen sensing behavior in noncontinuous palladium films

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