Ultralow-loss, high-density SOI optical waveguide routing for macrochip interconnects

Li, Guoliang; Yao, Jin; Thacker, Hiren; Mekis, Attila; Zheng, Xuezhe; Shubin, Ivan; Luo, Ying; Lee, Jinhyoung; Raj, Kannan; Cunningham, J. E.; Krishnamoorthy, Ashok V.

doi:10.1364/oe.20.012035

Cited by 146 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Other loss mechanisms of the otherwise empty cell can be the vertical scattering of the slab mode due to surface roughness or absorption in the silicon layer. An upper estimate of these losses can be obtained from the measurements on multimode waveguides by Li et al, 27 namely, 0.03 dB/cm. This well documented limit is supported by the fact that the absorption loss of silicon with a doping concentration of 10 15 /cm 3 , which is typically used in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms, is around 0.03 dB/cm.…”

Section: Theory For a 2d Integrating Cell With Additional Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23][24][25] Special treatments are proposed to decrease roughness and thus reduce the loss to 0.3 dB/cm. 26 Alternatively, the loss can be reduced to 0.03 dB/cm by using wide multimode waveguides, 27 the waveguide width ensuring small field intensities at the side walls and low roughness-induced scattering losses. The downside of such wide waveguides is the risk of mode-mixing, which can only be avoided by using bending radii of hundreds of micrometers, which limits the packing density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating cell on chip—Novel waveguide platform employing ultra-long optical paths

Fohrmann¹,

Sommer²,

Pitruzzello³

et al. 2017

APL Photonics

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Optical waveguides are the most fundamental building blocks of integrated optical circuits. They are extremely well understood, yet there is still room for surprises. Here, we introduce a novel 2D waveguide platform which affords a strong interaction of the evanescent tail of a guided optical wave with an external medium while only employing a very small geometrical footprint. The key feature of the platform is its ability to integrate the ultra-long path lengths by combining low propagation losses in a silicon slab with multiple reflections of the guided wave from photonic crystal (PhC) mirrors. With a reflectivity of 99.1% of our tailored PhC-mirrors, we achieve interaction paths of 25 cm within an area of less than 10 mm2. This corresponds to 0.17 dB/cm effective propagation which is much lower than the state-of-the-art loss of approximately 1 dB/cm of single mode silicon channel waveguides. In contrast to conventional waveguides, our 2D-approach leads to a decay of the guided wave power only inversely proportional to the optical path length. This entirely different characteristic is the major advantage of the 2D integrating cell waveguide platform over the conventional channel waveguide concepts that obey the Beer-Lambert law.

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Section: Theory For a 2d Integrating Cell With Additional Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating cell on chip—Novel waveguide platform employing ultra-long optical paths

Fohrmann¹,

Sommer²,

Pitruzzello³

et al. 2017

APL Photonics

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“…Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the evolutions of the temporal pulse and normalized output spectrum along propagation distance in the waveguide when the variation of γ(z), α 0 , 3PA, HON, and HOD are all considered. α 0 is chosen as 0.026 dB/cm [41][42][43] and the 3PA coefficient γ 3PA is 0.028 cm 3 /GW 2 [30]. HOD coefficients are considered up to 6-th order.…”

Section: Self-similar Pulse Compression In the Waveguide Tapermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a combination of resist reflowing to form a surface-tension confined smooth etch mask and a low DC bias dry etch to reduce roughness and damage in the silicon sidewalls, α 0 can be further reduced to 0.1 dB/cm [46]. By using the passive-split wafers, an α 0 as low as 0.026 dB/cm was measured [42]. We characterize the self-similar pulse compression with α 0 = 0.026, 0.1, 0.274, and 1 dB/cm by the evolutions of T FWHM and peak power of the pulse, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Self-similar Pulse Compression In the Waveguide Tapermentioning

confidence: 99%

Mid-infrared self-similar compression of picosecond pulse in an inversely tapered silicon ridge waveguide

Yuan

Chen

et al. 2017

Opt. Express

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Abstract:On chip high quality and high degree pulse compression is desirable in the realization of integrated ultrashort pulse sources, which are important for nonlinear photonics and spectroscopy. In this paper, we design a simple inversely tapered silicon ridge waveguide with exponentially decreasing dispersion profile along the propagation direction, and numerically investigate self-similar pulse compression of the fundamental soliton within the mid-infrared spectral region. When higher-order dispersion (HOD), higher-order nonlinearity (HON), losses (α), and variation of the Kerr nonlinear coefficient γ(z) are considered in the extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation, a 1 ps input pulse at the wavelength of 2490 nm is successfully compressed to 57.29 fs in only 5.1-cm of propagation, along with a compression factor F c of 17.46. We demonstrated that the impacts of HOD and HON are minor on the pulse compression process, compared with that of α and variation of γ(z). Our research results provide a promising solution to realize integrated mid-infrared ultrashort pulse sources. Richardson, and U. Keller, "Nonlinear femtosecond pulse compression at high average power levels by use of a large-mode-area holey fiber," Opt. Lett. 28(20), 1951-1953 (2003). 1430-1439 (1997). 12. Q. Li, J. N. Kutz, and P. K. A. Wai, "Cascaded higher-order soliton for non-adiabatic pulse compression," J.Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), 2180-2189 (2010). 13. A. C. Peacock, "Mid-IR soliton compression in silicon optical fibers and fiber tapers," Opt. Lett. 37(5), 818-820 (2012). 14. S. V. Chernikov, E. M. Dianov, D. J. Richardson, and D. N. Payne, "Soliton pulse compression in dispersiondecreasing fiber," Opt. Lett. 18(7), 476-478 (1993) V. Krishnamoorthy, "Ultralow-loss, high-density SOI optical waveguide routing for macrochip interconnects," Opt. Express 20(11), 12035-12039 (2012). 43. S. Lavdas, J. B. Driscoll, R. R. Grote, R. M. Osgood, and N. C. Panoiu, "Pulse compression in adiabatically tapered silicon photonic wires," Opt. Express 22(6), 6296-6312 (2014). 44. K. Senthilnathan, Q. Li, K. Nakkeeran, and P. K. A. Wai, "Robust pedestal-free pulse compression in cubicquintic nonlinear media," Phys. Rev. A 78, 033835 (2008).

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“…Surface grating couplers 2,3 have been widely used; however, they heavily depend on polarization. Thus, such couplers are usually designed to couple light in either transverse electric (TE) [4][5][6] or transverse magnetic (TM) 7 polarizations. Researchers have produced SOI-based grating couplers with high coupling efficiency and great bandwidth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient polarization-independent grating coupler used in silica-based hybrid photodetector integration

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2014

Opt. Eng

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A highly efficient polarization-independent output grating coupler was optimized and designed based on silicon-on-insulator used for silica-based hybrid photodetector integration in an arrayed waveguide grating demodulation-integrated microsystem. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method optimizes coupling efficiency by enabling the design of the grating period, duty cycle, etch depth, grating length, and polarization-dependent loss (PDL). The output coupling efficiencies of both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes are higher than 60% at 1517 to 1605 nm and similar to 67% at around 1550 nm. The designed grating exhibits the desired property at the 3-dB bandwidth of 200 nm from 1450 to 1650 nm and a PDL <0.5 dB of 110 nm from 1513 to 1623 nm. The power absorption efficiency at 1550 nm for TE and TM modes reaches 78% and 70%, respectively. Both the power absorption efficiency of TE mode and that of TM mode are over 70% in a broad band of 1491 to 1550 nm. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication DetailsLi, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Zhou, W., Zhang, C., Li, E., Miao, C. & Tang, C. (2014). Highly efficient polarization-independent grating coupler used in silica-based hybrid photodetector integration. Optical Engineering, 53 (5) Abstract. A highly efficient polarization-independent output grating coupler was optimized and designed based on silicon-on-insulator used for silica-based hybrid photodetector integration in an arrayed waveguide grating demodulation-integrated microsystem. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method optimizes coupling efficiency by enabling the design of the grating period, duty cycle, etch depth, grating length, and polarizationdependent loss (PDL). The output coupling efficiencies of both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes are higher than 60% at 1517 to 1605 nm and ∼67% at around 1550 nm. The designed grating exhibits the desired property at the 3-dB bandwidth of 200 nm from 1450 to 1650 nm and a PDL <0.5 dB of 110 nm from 1513 to 1623 nm. The power absorption efficiency at 1550 nm for TE and TM modes reaches 78% and 70%, respectively. Both the power absorption efficiency of TE mode and that of TM mode are over 70% in a broad band of 1491 to 1550 nm.

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Ultralow-loss, high-density SOI optical waveguide routing for macrochip interconnects

Cited by 146 publications

References 14 publications

Integrating cell on chip—Novel waveguide platform employing ultra-long optical paths

Integrating cell on chip—Novel waveguide platform employing ultra-long optical paths

Mid-infrared self-similar compression of picosecond pulse in an inversely tapered silicon ridge waveguide

Highly efficient polarization-independent grating coupler used in silica-based hybrid photodetector integration

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