Ultrahigh‐Energy‐Density Microbatteries Enabled by New Electrode Architecture and Micropackaging Design

Lai, Wei; Erdonmez, Can K.; Marinis, Thomas F.; Bjune, Caroline K.; Dudney, Nancy J.; Xu, Fan; Wartena, Ryan C.; Chiang, Yet Ming

doi:10.1002/adma.200903650

Cited by 167 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A completely different and original methodology was used to fabricate a fully packaged ultrahigh energy density microbattery [78] using densely sintered electrodes. The idea at the basis of this work is that sintered intercalation oxides with appropriate 3D pore topologies could provide electrodes with superior energy densities.…”

Section: Alternative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latest advances in the manufacturing of 3D rechargeable lithium microbatteries

Ferrari

Loveridge

Beattie

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

224

199

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full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP url' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: publications@warwick.ac.uk

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Section: Alternative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latest advances in the manufacturing of 3D rechargeable lithium microbatteries

Ferrari

Loveridge

Beattie

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

224

199

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“…We find that careful control of the NiSn cycling range, in conjunction with the 3D Ni scaffold, significantly improves the cyclability, probably because the scaffold significantly relieves the cycling-induced stress in the film. Under these cycling conditions, the full cell exhibits at least 80% capacity retention over 100 cycles at a variety of charge and discharge rates, which is considerably better than previously demonstrated 3D fullcell microbatteries, which typically either cycled only a few times or faded quickly after tens of cycles (14,22,32,36). Fig.…”

Section: Electrochemical Testingmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The battery is then stable in air for at least a few days. Reports on packaging of liquid electrolyte-based microbatteries have previously demonstrated scalability and longterm stability (31,32), making us optimistic that our design could also be packaged to provide extended stability.…”

Section: Design and Fabrication Of Deterministically Structured 3d MImentioning

confidence: 99%

Holographic patterning of high-performance on-chip 3D lithium-ion microbatteries

Ning

Zhang

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

193

165

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As sensors, wireless communication devices, personal health monitoring systems, and autonomous microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) become distributed and smaller, there is an increasing demand for miniaturized integrated power sources. Although thinfilm batteries are well-suited for on-chip integration, their energy and power per unit area are limited. Three-dimensional electrode designs have potential to offer much greater power and energy per unit area; however, efforts to date to realize 3D microbatteries have led to prototypes with solid electrodes (and therefore low power) or mesostructured electrodes not compatible with manufacturing or on-chip integration. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip compatible method to fabricate high energy density (6.5 μWh cm −2 ·μm −1 ) 3D mesostructured Li-ion microbatteries based on LiMnO 2 cathodes, and NiSn anodes that possess supercapacitor-like power (3,600 μW cm −2 ·μm −1 peak). The mesostructured electrodes are fabricated by combining 3D holographic lithography with conventional photolithography, enabling deterministic control of both the internal electrode mesostructure and the spatial distribution of the electrodes on the substrate. The resultant full cells exhibit impressive performances, for example a conventional light-emitting diode (LED) is driven with a 500-μA peak current (600-C discharge) from a 10-μm-thick microbattery with an area of 4 mm 2 for 200 cycles with only 12% capacity fade. A combined experimental and modeling study where the structural parameters of the battery are modulated illustrates the unique design flexibility enabled by 3D holographic lithography and provides guidance for optimization for a given application.energy storage | microelectronics | miniature batteries | lithium-ion batteries | interference lithography M icroscale devices typically use power supplied off-chip because of difficulties in miniaturizing energy storage technologies (1, 2). However, a miniaturized on-chip battery would be highly desirable for applications including autonomous microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based actuators, microscale wireless sensors, distributed monitors, and portable and implantable medical devices (3-8). For many of the applications, high energy density, high power density (charge and/or discharge), or some combination of high energy and power densities is required, all characteristics which can be difficult to achieve in a microbattery due to size and footprint restrictions, and process compatibilities with the other steps required for device fabrication. Although 2D thin-film microbatteries (typical thickness of a few micrometers) can deliver high power, they require large (often cm 2 ) footprints to provide reasonable energies (9). Making the electrodes thicker boosts the theoretical areal energy density but the resultant increases in electron and ion diffusion lengths reduce the effective power and energy densities. Efforts to improve microbattery performance have focused on increasing the electrode surface area and active material loading...

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“…For cathode materials, monolithic LiCoO 2 has been studied by Lai, et al [120], focusing on increasing energy density by using microbatteries. In their work, a monolith was fabricated by milling commercial, battery-grade LiCoO 2 and pressing into pellets and sintered for 90 minutes.…”

Section: Binder-free Electrode Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Mesoporous Nanotitania/Carbon Composite Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage

et al. 2013

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The development of novel scalable nanoscale materials and fabrication techniques for high performance TiO 2 Li-ion electrodes is investigated in this thesis. The development and study of the novel fabrication methods is approached from the stand point of a binder-free electrode, and its comparison to standard binder-based electrodes, making use of commercial P25 TiO 2 product as active material. The characterization of novel titania synthesized by manipulating the parameters of an aqueous process, is performed for two phases of TiO 2 , namely anatase and brookite, based on comprehensive nanocrystal morphological and electrochemical property assessment. Finally all is brought together by investigating the application of the novel fabrication protocol to the aqueous synthesized anatase to engineer binderfree 3-dimensional electrodes, and studying their Li-ion intercalation performance.The fabrication of binder-free P25 nanotitania/carbon composite electrodes is pursued via formulating pastes and controlled sintering yielding enhanced electrochemical performance in comparison to standard binder-based methods using the same active and conductive components. The new paste formulation and sintering sequence provides a significant increase in dispersion of carbon due to smaller agglomerate size resulting in enhanced inter-particle (active-conduction) mixing and packing density than standard binder-based electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge proved that the binder-free electrodes possess improved conductivity, specific capacity, and reversibility, as compared to binderbased electrodes. Most significantly, the capacity retention of the binder-free electrode was much higher than that of the binder-based electrode at 94 and 53%, respectively.iii Using an aqueous solution based synthesis process, 2-dimensional brookite nanoplatelets and 6 nm anatase nanoparticles are obtained and examined for their physical and electrochemical properties as Li-ion host materials. Brookite, itself is particularly interesting, as it is the least understood of the nanoscale TiO 2 phases, especially in the form of 2-D crystal structures that are deemed advantageous for Liion diffusion. This study provides insight into the lithiation mechanism of brookite, concluding that a solid-solution is formed upon lithiation corresponding to Li 0.5 TiO 2 that is isostructural with brookite. Further, the brookite nanoplatelets are discovered to undergo unique crystal structure enhancement upon cycling that allows them to quickly relax upon delithiation in an extremely efficient (>99.7% Coulombic efficiency) reversible manner translating to excellent Li-ion intercalation stability.Anatase nanoparticle are described in terms of crystallinity and surface area. Asprepared anatase has low crystallinity (∼70%), but high surface area (∼222 m 2 g −1 ), and when annealed at 300°C, the crystallinity increases to ∼90% but the surface area drops to 120 m 2 g −1 . Electrochemically, this allows the annealed sample with higher crystall...

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Ultrahigh‐Energy‐Density Microbatteries Enabled by New Electrode Architecture and Micropackaging Design

Cited by 167 publications

References 30 publications

Latest advances in the manufacturing of 3D rechargeable lithium microbatteries

Latest advances in the manufacturing of 3D rechargeable lithium microbatteries

Holographic patterning of high-performance on-chip 3D lithium-ion microbatteries

Novel Mesoporous Nanotitania/Carbon Composite Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage

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