Ultrafine Particles Measurement in Printing Industry Across West Malaysia

Abstract

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) emission generated from devices such as printer and photocopy machines are known as potential risks to human health. However, limited information is available to study UFPs exposure generate from larger printer. Thus, this study aimed to determine the concentration of UFPs such as particle number (PN) and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) and investigates the influence of physical environment factors on UFPs in two types of offset lithographic printing rooms such as monochrome and color, across West Malaysia. The measurements of PN and LDSA were taken by using a condensation particle counter and the diffusion charger dosimeter during the printing activities. The mean values for PN and LDSA are 22215 particles/cm 3 and 43 µm 2 /cm 3 , respectively. The exposure of UFPs from the monochrome room was found to be significantly higher than the color room (p < 0.001 for PN; p < 0.001 for LDSA) due to variation in the ventilation system. Based on correlation analysis, the physical environment factors, such as relative humidity, temperature, and air movement, were observed to influence the UFPs concentrations in printing room. The findings imply that a good selection of the ventilation system is important to minimize worker"s exposure to UFPs emission.

Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices

“…PNCs were reported when compared with background. 24,51,[57][58][59][60] PNCs were 9.78 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 (weekdays) and 6.89 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 (weekends) during operating hours compared with nonoperating hours of 5.45 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 . 51 Weekly geometric mean PNCs between 3.3 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 and 3.4 × 10 4 particles/cm 3 were measured at eight photocopy centers.…”

“…Most of them focused on the PNCs. Increased PNCs were reported when compared with background . PNCs were 9.78 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 (weekdays) and 6.89 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 (weekends) during operating hours compared with non‐operating hours of 5.45 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 .…”

“…Grgic et al obtained the mean PNCs between 3.6 × 10 3 and 6.5 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 during working hours in three photocopy rooms. Jamen and Abdullah conducted measurements in 12 printing rooms and found average PNC of 2.2 × 10 4 particles/cm 3 and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) of 43 µm 2 /cm 3 . In some cases, however, lower indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios (<1.0) were also observed.…”