“…The adsorption capacities obtained by other adsorbents for HA removal were summarized in Table 4 to compare with ours [2,3,24,26,42,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. However, we should bear in mind in advance that it is difficult to directly compare our adsorption capacity with others, since the experimental conditions, such as the initial pH value, temperature, concentration and volume of HA solution, and dose of adsorbent, vary from article to article.…”
Section: Comparison With Other Adsorbentsmentioning
Porous cellulose beads were quaternized with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) to explore a potential use of them as an adsorbent for removal of humic acid (HA) from aqueous medium. The introduction of quaternary ammonium groups was confirmed by FT-IR and XPS analysis. The content of introduced quaternary ammonium groups increased with an increase in the GTMAC concentration. The adsorption capacity increased with a decrease in the initial pH value and attained the maximum value at pH 3 and increased with an increase in the content of quaternary ammonium groups. The removal % increased with the dose of quaternized cellulose beads at both pH 3.0 and 6.0. The adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second order kinetic model and exhibited a better fit to the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting that the adsorption of HA is accomplished through the electrostatic interaction between a quaternary ammonium group introduced and a dissociated carboxy group of a HA molecule. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained in this study is comparable to or higher than those published by other articles. HA loaded was completely released to NaOH solutions at higher than 100 mM to regenerate the quaternized cellulose beads. The above-mentioned results clearly show that the quaternized cellulose beads prepared in this study can be used as a regenerable adsorbent with high capacity for removal of HA from aqueous medium.
“…The adsorption capacities obtained by other adsorbents for HA removal were summarized in Table 4 to compare with ours [2,3,24,26,42,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. However, we should bear in mind in advance that it is difficult to directly compare our adsorption capacity with others, since the experimental conditions, such as the initial pH value, temperature, concentration and volume of HA solution, and dose of adsorbent, vary from article to article.…”
Section: Comparison With Other Adsorbentsmentioning
Porous cellulose beads were quaternized with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) to explore a potential use of them as an adsorbent for removal of humic acid (HA) from aqueous medium. The introduction of quaternary ammonium groups was confirmed by FT-IR and XPS analysis. The content of introduced quaternary ammonium groups increased with an increase in the GTMAC concentration. The adsorption capacity increased with a decrease in the initial pH value and attained the maximum value at pH 3 and increased with an increase in the content of quaternary ammonium groups. The removal % increased with the dose of quaternized cellulose beads at both pH 3.0 and 6.0. The adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second order kinetic model and exhibited a better fit to the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting that the adsorption of HA is accomplished through the electrostatic interaction between a quaternary ammonium group introduced and a dissociated carboxy group of a HA molecule. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained in this study is comparable to or higher than those published by other articles. HA loaded was completely released to NaOH solutions at higher than 100 mM to regenerate the quaternized cellulose beads. The above-mentioned results clearly show that the quaternized cellulose beads prepared in this study can be used as a regenerable adsorbent with high capacity for removal of HA from aqueous medium.
“…The adsorption capacity of 575 mg/g was obtained at 175 mg/L and pH 3 for the quaternized cellulose beads with 0.380 mmol/g. These values were compared with ones published in other articles [6,14,40,43,44,48,[60][61][62].…”
Section: Comparison With Other Adsorbentsmentioning
Porous cellulose beads were quaternized with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC), and the potential use of the quaternized cellulose beads as an adsorbent was explored for the removal of humic acid (HA) from aqueous media. The introduction of quaternary ammonium groups was verified by FT-IR and XPS analyses, and their content increased to 0.524 mmol/g-Qcell by increasing the GTMAC concentration. The adsorption capacity of the HA increased with decreasing initial pH value and/or increasing content of quaternary ammonium groups, and a maximum adsorption capacity of 575 mg/g-Qcell was obtained for the quaternized cellulose beads with a content of quaternary ammonium groups of 0.380 mmol/g-Qcell. The removal % value increased with increasing dose of quaternized cellulose beads, and HA was highly removed at higher quaternary ammonium groups. The kinetics of the HA adsorption in this study followed a pseudo-second-order equation, and the process exhibited a better fit to the Langmuir isotherm. In addition, the k2 value increased with increasing temperature. These results emphasize that HA adsorption is limited by chemical sorption or chemisorption. The quaternized cellulose beads were repetitively used for the adsorption of HA without appreciable loss in the adsorption capacity. The empirical, equilibrium, and kinetic aspects obtained in this study support that the quaternized cellulose beads can be applied to the removal of HA.
“…Many experiements method to removal HA in drinking water, such as filtration, coagulation, electrocoagulation, adsorption, photocatalysis and others. [30] Photocatalysis a efficient method to elimination HA in water. [7] Photocatalysis is reaction photolysis using catalyst in the process.…”
Humic acid is a heterogeneous organic compound that is carcinogenic in peat water and is very difficult to degrade biologically. Water is a source of life, therefore the need for clean water is increasing. This study aims to carry out the degradation of humic acid using the photocatalytic method. Photocatalysis is the degradation of humic acid using light in the presence of a photocatalyst in the reaction process. The photocatalyst used in this study was 7% Cu doped ZnO. The Cu doped ZnO used with a band gap of 2.57 eV and a particle size of 27 nm. In this study, the humic acid degradation process used a hexagonal photo reactor with various stirring speeds of 500, 1000, 1500 rpm and without stirring. The degradation process is carried out using outdoor light (direct sun). The light intensity can be measured using lightmeters on the front and rear of the reactor. The degradation process uses variations in irradiation time of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours. The degradation results were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to see the absorbance before and before degradation. The results of this study obtained the highest percentage degradation at the speed of each stirring of 500 rpm of 90.09% at 5 hours of irradiation, 1000 rpm of 97.37% at 5 hours of irradiation, 1500 rpm of 97.79% at 5 hours of irradiation. hours and without stirring of 71.71% at 5 hours of irradiation. The maximum degradation concentration in this study was obtained at a stirring speed of 1500 rpm and an irradiation time of 5 hours. The speed and irradiation time have an influence on the degradation results obtained.
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