“…1b, b i , c and c i , the AZO NWs and AZO NFw were prepared on quartz substrates using two-step CVD and MS and two-step HT and MS strategies, respectively, and the preparation procedure was the same as the reported literature method. 34,35 The surface morphology of the AZO nanomaterials was characterized by using eld emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi SEM, model Quanta 200F), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai F20). The crystal structures and elemental contents of the AZO nanomaterials were studied using X-ray diffractometry (XRD, Siemens D5000) and energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS, Hitachi SEM, model Quanta 200F), respectively.…”