Ultrafast measurement of optical-field statistics by dc-balanced homodyne detection

Raymer, Michael G.; Cooper, J.; Carmichael, H. J.; Beck, M.; Smithey, D. T.

doi:10.1364/josab.12.001801

Cited by 99 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The meaning of Eqs. ͑11͒ and ͑12͒ is that the BHD detects the state of the electromagnetic field in the spatialtemporal mode defined by the LO pulse ͑Smithey, Beck, Raymer, et al, 1993;Raymer et al, 1995;Raymer and Beck, 2004͒. This allows temporal and spatial selectivity, or gating, of the signal field ͑not the signal intensity͒.…”

Section: ͑10͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography

2009

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This review covers the latest developments in continuous-variable quantum-state tomography of optical fields and photons, placing a special emphasis on its practical aspects and applications in quantum-information technology. Optical homodyne tomography is reviewed as a method of reconstructing the state of light in a given optical mode. A range of relevant practical topics is discussed, such as state-reconstruction algorithms ͑with emphasis on the maximum-likelihood technique͒, the technology of time-domain homodyne detection, mode-matching issues, and engineering of complex quantum states of light. The paper also surveys quantum-state tomography for the transverse spatial state ͑spatial mode͒ of the field in the special case of fields containing precisely one photon.

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Section: ͑10͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2͒. The "detected" Wigner function W det corresponds to the ideal Wigner function ͑16͒ for a loss-free detector, and for a detector with quantum efficiency it is obtained from the latter via a convolution ͑Leonhardt and Paul, 1993;Kuhn et al, 1994;Raymer et al, 1995;Leonhardt, 1997͒,…”

Section: ͑16͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography

2009

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“…The challenge for effective-medium theories in quantum optics is to predict observable effects of this quantum noise well. Homodyne detection of output light.-Let us now consider an experiment in which we probe our metamaterial with quantum states of light, and predict the output as measured with a balanced homodyne detector [32,33], see Fig. 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantum Optical Effective-Medium Theory for Loss-Compensated Metamaterials

2013

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A central aim in metamaterial research is to engineer sub-wavelength unit cells that give rise to desired effective-medium properties and parameters, such as a negative refractive index. Ideally one can disregard the details of the unit cell and employ the effective description instead. A popular strategy to compensate for the inevitable losses in metallic components of metamaterials is to add optical gain material. Here we study the quantum optics of such loss-compensated metamaterials at frequencies for which effective parameters can be unambiguously determined. We demonstrate that the usual effective parameters are insufficient to describe the propagation of quantum states of light. Furthermore, we propose a quantum optical effective-medium theory instead and show that it correctly predicts the properties of the light emerging from loss-compensated metamaterials.PACS numbers: 42.50. Nn, 78.67.Pt, 78.20.Ci, 42.50.Ct Metamaterials are intensely studied, since they allow the propagation and control of light in new and often counterintuitive ways. These man-made structures are composed of strongly subwavelength unit cells, with effective dielectric parameters often not occurring in nature, such as a negative refractive index [1,2]. Unlike in classical optics, the possible benefits of metamaterials in quantum optics have not been explored so far, for example to manipulate single photons. More fundamentally, it is an important open question whether the same effectivemedium parameters suffice to describe the propagation of quantum states of light in metamaterials.The constituents and geometry of a unit cell can be complicated and interesting, but they are designed to allow the effective description of the metamaterial as a homogeneous medium. For subwavelength unit cells, unique effective dielectric parameters can be identified, independent of the method used to retrieve them. Our results go against the common belief that experiments at the operating frequency do not reveal information about the unit cell beyond the usual effective refractive index.Noble metals, an important ingredient of metamaterials, are inherently lossy. For many applications it is naturally desirable to have less loss. Complementary strategies are to replace the metals by other material [3] or to compensate for the metal loss [4][5][6][7][8]. As an important branch of active plasmonics [9], active loss compensation with the use of gain material has already proved experimentally successful, for example in surface plasmon polariton propagation [10,11] and in metamaterials [12].In recent years the quantum optics of attenuating [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and amplifying [20][21][22][23][24] dielectric media was developed, where optical modes are described as open quantum systems. There are important similarities with classical optics, for example the classical Green function plays a central role also in quantum optics, but new is that both with loss and gain there is quantum noise associated. Evidently, effective-medium theories that neglect qu...

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“…There, one creates an ensemble of identically prepared systems for each phase ϕ of the LO and measures the marginal distributions µ ϕ (δz; ϕ) corresponding to the rotated quadrature exp(iδb † δbϕ)δẑ exp(−iδb † δbϕ), where δb and δẑ denote the uctuations around the the steady state values [47]. From the marginal distributions one can then, at the end of data collection, reconstruct the state of the system [48]. This method has the drawback that the algorithm for state reconstruction is applied at the very end of data collection, a feature which makes it unappealing for state control and manipulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wigner Function Reconstruction in Levitated Optomechanics

Rashid¹,

Toroš²

2017

Quantum Measurements and Quantum Metrology

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Abstract:We demonstrate the reconstruction of the Wigner function from marginal distributions of the motion of a single trapped particle using homodyne detection. We show that it is possible to generate quantum states of levitated optomechanical systems even under the e ect of continuous measurement by the trapping laser light. We describe the opto-mechanical coupling for the case of the particle trapped by a free-space focused laser beam, explicitly for the case without an optical cavity. We use the scheme to reconstruct the Wigner function of experimental data in perfect agreement with the expected Gaussian distribution of a thermal state of motion. This opens a route for quantum state preparation in levitated optomechanics.

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Ultrafast measurement of optical-field statistics by dc-balanced homodyne detection

Cited by 99 publications

References 38 publications

Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography

Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography

Quantum Optical Effective-Medium Theory for Loss-Compensated Metamaterials

Wigner Function Reconstruction in Levitated Optomechanics

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