Concerning
the environmental and health problems related to SO
x
emission, the environmental protection agencies
are incessantly tightening the permissible sulfur level in fuels such
as gasoline and diesel. This gives a greater challenge for the traditional
hydrodesulfurization (HDS), which is quite inefficient for removing
refractory sulfur (RS) compounds (e.g., 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene).
Consequently, the new efficient HDS catalysts for substituting the
industrial HDS catalysts (Ni(Co)Mo/Al2O3) have
received much attention. Zeolite-containing HDS catalysts are of particular
importance because zeolites could alleviate the HDS of RS compounds
via isomerization and cracking abilities of their Brønsted acid
sites. The microporous zeolites slow down the diffusion of reactants
and products, leading to uncontrolled cracking reactions that promote
the coke formation and thus deactivate the HDS catalysts. Therefore,
the application of zeolite-based catalysts was limited for HDS reactions
in the early years. But, due to the introduction of hierarchical porous
structure in zeolites, the cracking reactions catalyzed by strong
Brønsted acid sites are controlled and uninterrupted molecular
diffusion becomes highly possible. As a sequel, a better selectivity
and improved HDS efficiency are attainable without any coke formation
or with a reduced coke formation. Besides the porosity and acidity
of zeolites, the synthetic methods and precursors of zeolite-based
HDS catalysts and the mixing of zeolites with other supports like
Al2O3 have impacts on the efficiency of zeolite-based
HDS catalysts. In this review, all these factors are discussed along
with the preparation methods of hierarchical zeolites and tuning methods
of zeolite acidity. The process and catalyst details of traditional
HDS are briefly explained at the outset. The types of metal active
component present in various zeolite-based HDS catalysts and how their
properties are influenced by zeolites are also summarized.