Ultra-stable and self-healing coordinated collagen-based multifunctional double-network organohydrogel e-skin for multimodal sensing monitoring of strain-resistance, bioelectrode, and self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator

Ionic Conductive Cellulose-Based Hydrogels with Superior Long-Lasting Moisture and Antifreezing Features for Flexible Strain Sensor Applications

“…Among these, conductive hydrogels with three-dimensional network structures display promising application prospects in the fabrication of strain sensors owing to their outstanding flexibility, stretchability, and biocompatibility. 7,13,14 To date, the majority of conductive hydrogels are manufactured by dispersing conductive fillers including carbon materials, 15,16 conductive polymers, 17−19 metal nanomaterials 20,21 and inorganic salts 22−24 into the hydrogel matrix. Compared with other conductive fillers, the inorganic salts could be evenly distributed in the hydrogel matrix through coordination and be not easy to aggregate, leading to satisfactory electrical conductivity.…”

Multifunctional Conductive Double-Network Hydrogel Sensors for Multiscale Motion Detection and Temperature Monitoring

“…However, conventional sensors are primarily made of metal or semiconductors, which suffer from low rigid mechanical properties, restricting their practical application in wearable devices where high strain is required . Simultaneously, with the increasing demand for enhanced quality of life, single-functional sensors cannot satisfy the requirements anymore; thereby, the development of flexible sensors with multimodal sensing performance is urgently required …”

“…8 Simultaneously, with the increasing demand for enhanced quality of life, single-functional sensors cannot satisfy the requirements anymore; thereby, the development of flexible sensors with multimodal sensing performance is urgently required. 9 Hydrogel, a type of unique solid-like soft and moist material comprising of a three-dimensional (3D) polymeric network and a large amount of water, has emerged as a promising candidate for constructing flexible sensors owing to its excellent flexibility, favorable stretchability, and similarity with biological tissues. 10,11 As a wearable sensor, more demands for hydrogels such as rapid self-healing, durability, conductivity, self-adhesiveness, and a simple preparation process have been proposed gradually.…”

“…10,11 As a wearable sensor, more demands for hydrogels such as rapid self-healing, durability, conductivity, self-adhesiveness, and a simple preparation process have been proposed gradually. 12 For the improvement of conductivity, the introduction of conductive materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, 9 metal nanowires, 13 and graphenes 14 ) and soluble metal ions (e.g., Al 3+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 3+ , Na + , and Ca hydrogel are feasible strategies. 15−18 Many efforts have been devoted to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels by incorporating energy-dissipation mechanisms, such as double network (DN), reinforced, and micellar-cross-linked hydrogels.…”

“…Hydrogel, a type of unique solid-like soft and moist material comprising of a three-dimensional (3D) polymeric network and a large amount of water, has emerged as a promising candidate for constructing flexible sensors owing to its excellent flexibility, favorable stretchability, and similarity with biological tissues. , As a wearable sensor, more demands for hydrogels such as rapid self-healing, durability, conductivity, self-adhesiveness, and a simple preparation process have been proposed gradually . For the improvement of conductivity, the introduction of conductive materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and graphenes) and soluble metal ions (e.g., Al 3+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 3+ , Na + , and Ca 2+ ) into hydrogel are feasible strategies. − Many efforts have been devoted to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels by incorporating energy-dissipation mechanisms, such as double network (DN), reinforced, and micellar-cross-linked hydrogels. − Among them, DN hydrogels consisting of two interpenetrating polymer networks, tough and brittle, have garnered considerable attention in developing mechanically robust tough hydrogels . In DN hydrogels, the sacrificial bonds in the first brittle network effectively dissipate energy, while the second tough network helps maintain the constructional completeness during deformation, which has been proven effective in enhancing both stiffness and toughness .…”