Ultra-sensitive simultaneous electrochemical detection of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) based on the bismuth and graphdiyne film modified electrode

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…4 presents the formation of a dendritic bismuth and graphdiyne (Bi/GDY) film on the surface of a GCE used for the simultaneous determination of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Pb 2+ in real seawater samples. 246 The authors attributed the low LODs obtained (i.e., 0.115 nM, 0.171 nM, and 0.146 nM for Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Pb 2+ , respectively) to the synergistic effect of the Bi-film and the GDY. Table S3 in the ESI † summarizes the main findings of the research studies published in the last five years regarding the use of different types of film electrodes in the determination of trace heavy metals.…”

“…Furthermore, carbon and several of its forms (i.e., diamond, graphdiyne, rGO, and g-C 3 N 4 ) have also been coated on different types of film electrodes. 76,83,93,139,246,278 Fig. 4 presents the formation of a dendritic bismuth and graphdiyne (Bi/GDY) film on the surface of a GCE used for the simultaneous determination of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Pb 2+ in real seawater samples.…”

“…Bismuth film electrodes (BiFEs) are among the most employed electrodes in the determination of trace heavy metals. 25,40,50,83,181,197,233,235,[245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260] In addition to its low toxicity and the ability to form alloys with other metals, bismuth has a wide potential range, which allows BiFEs to have comparable analytical performance to the mercury electrodes in trace heavy metal analysis. 7,243,244 The film can be electrochemically deposited directly on the electrode surface from the solution containing both the modifier and the analytes (in situ preparation) or through film deposition before the electrode is introduced in the sample solution (ex situ preparation).…”

Fabrication of Hybrid Electrodes by Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for the Detection of Cu2+ Ions

“…Heavy metal trace detection is mainly carried out using spectroscopic techniques: atomic absorption spectroscopy [ 8 ], inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy [ 9 ], X-ray fluorescence, quartz crystal microbalance [ 10 ], and neutron activation analysis are the most commonly used. However, they suffer from several significant drawbacks, including tedious sample preparation, the need for expert knowledge, high operational costs, and lengthy analysis time (calibration, pre-concentration, preparation, sampling) [ 11 ], which make them unsuitable for real-time online and continuous monitoring applications.…”

Bismuth Metal–Organic Framework/Carbon Nanosphere Composites for Ultrasensitive Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Lead and Cadmium

“…Bismuth is capable of forming fused or low-temperature alloys with heavy metals and facilitates the nucleation process during heavy metal ion accumulation . Thus, the bismuth film electrode has been strongly suggested as an alternative to the mercury electrode for heavy metal detection via electrochemical ASV, demonstrating high sensitivity, well-defined stripping signals, excellent resolution of adjacent peaks, wide cathodic potential range, and preferable insensitivity to dissolved oxygen. ,, While the bismuth film may be oxidized into ions and dissolved, as well as forming alloy with detected heavy metal ions during stripping analysis, the loss of the bismuth film is inevitable. Increased bismuth loading and exposure on the electrode surface would be initial to improve the sensitivity and stability of the bismuth-based electrode.…”