“…Therefore it can be triggered by the laser pulse exciting the wakefield [20,26,27], by the wakefield itself [28], by transversely colliding laser pulses [29,30], or by a second, trailing, laser pulse. In the latter case, wakefield excitation and ionization are independent processes, which allows a precise manipulation of the phase space distribution of trapped electrons and thus a generation of ultra-low emittance electron beams [31][32][33][34][35][36][37]40]. If the driving laser pulse is replaced by a short electron beam, the Trojan horse regime (THWFA) of underdense photocathode plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) is reached [38,39].…”