In decades past, a discussion of joining and sealing techniques would have been incomplete without a description DeKhotinsky cement, Glyptal, and black wax. The times when valve stems were sealed with string soaked in grease have also passed. Materials technology has advanced to the place where glass-to-metal seals, demountable elastomer and metal-to-metal gaskets, brazed joints, welded joints, valves, and motion feedthroughs are catalog items. Reliable joints, seals, and components are so common that we take them for granted and sometimes contribute to their misuse. Occasionally we use a rubber hose as a flex connector, bake a brass valve, grease an elastomer static seal, bake Viton to an excessively high temperature, try to save money by reusing copper gaskets, or apply "stop leak" to a leaky weld. Singleton [l] remarked that in the early days of vacuum technique, some workers preferred the clear variety of Glyptal so as to hide their mistakes. Today's mistakes can be hidden with a degree of sophistication beneath vacuum epoxy and a coat of paint.In this chapter we review welded and brazed metal joints, metal, glass and ceramic joints, elastomer and metal sealed flanges, valves, and motion feedthroughs. We emphasize proper selection and use of joining and sealing techniques and not design. Roth has extensively reviewed sealing and joining techniques [2-41.
PERMANENT JOINTSWelding, brazing and soldering are used to make permanent joints in vacuum chambers, pumping lines and components. The technique one chooses to use depends on the materials to be joined and on the thermal and vacuum environment to which the parts will be exposed. Welded joints of stainless steel, titanium or aluminum, flame-sealed glass joints, glass-tometal, and ceramic-to-metal joints are commonly used in high and ultrahigh vacuum system construction.
313A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology, 3rd Edition. John F. O'Hanlon