“…Biosensors have the great potential for rapid and on-site detection of analytes in body fluids and environment samples, due to ease for miniaturization and capability of measuring complex matrices with minimal sample preparation [7][8][9]. In the past few decades, biosensors have been developed to measure numerous analytes in various matrices, such as heavy metals [10,11], small molecule [12,13], targeted DNA [14], peptides [15], enzyme [16], protein [15,17], antigen [18], biomarkers [7,8] and even bacteria [19,20].…”