Ultra-high cycling stability of poly(vinylphenothiazine) as a battery cathode material resulting from π–π interactions

Abstract

π–π interactions in a phenothiazine-based organic redox polymer lead to an ultra-high cycling stability of a lithium–organic battery.

Unlocking Full Discharge Capacities of Poly(vinylphenothiazine) as Battery Cathode Material by Decreasing Polymer Mobility Through Cross‐Linking

“…[24] After 10 000 cycles at 10C rate, 93% of the initial capacity was retained. [24] After 10 000 cycles at 10C rate, 93% of the initial capacity was retained.…”

“…[24] After 10 000 cycles at 10C rate, 93% of the initial capacity was retained. [24] The rate capability and cycling behavior of PVMPT-based electrodes was by far better than that of typical anion-accepting graphite electrodes in dual-ion cells. [24] The rate capability and cycling behavior of PVMPT-based electrodes was by far better than that of typical anion-accepting graphite electrodes in dual-ion cells.…”

Long-lived electrodes for plastic batteries

“…Its charge capacity is only 50 milliamp-hours per gram -less than one-third of that of conventionally used transition-metal oxides 5,10 -meaning that batteries incorporating the polymer would be much heavier and larger than those made using the oxides. And even though the conductivity of PVMPT is improved by introducing strong intermolecular forces, it is still less than one-hundredth of that of conventional transition-metal oxides 1,11,12 . A large amount of a conducting agent, such as carbon, would therefore need to be added to PVMPT for practical applications, further reducing the charge capacity.…”

“…However, there is mounting concern that conventional batteries, such as the lithium-ion batteries currently found in smartphones and many electric vehicles, might not fulfil future demand -both because of the limited availability of the metals needed to make them, and because of unpredictable costs and environmental issues associated with their use. Writing in Energy & Environmental Science, Kolek et al 1 report a battery electrode based on an organic polymer that could help to overcome these challenges and provide long-lasting, affordable energy storage.…”

“…Given that organic materials are often relatively soft, the findings might also open the way to flexible or stretchable plastic batteries, which, in turn, would enable the development of devices that can be worn or used as skin patches. ■ 1 . In addition to their role in development, EMPs give rise to a long-lived population of adult immune cells of the myeloid lineage, called EMP-derived tissue macrophages [2][3][4] .…”