Ultra-Compact Efficient Thermally Actuated Mach-Zehnder Modulator Based on VO₂

Abstract

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has emerged as a prominent optical phase change material (O-PCM) for creating high performance devices based on hybrid silicon platforms. However, realizing an efficient and compact optical modulator required for Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structures, still remains a major challenge in active Si-platforms enabled by VO2. This is mainly due to the simultaneous variation of both real and imaginary parts of the refractive index during the phase transition process, which is a significant issue. A modified MZI structure is proposed in this paper while the refractive index variation issue is overcome by operating in the wavelength range between 1.5 to 1.6 μm including the optical C-band. An indium tin oxide (ITO) layer is considered as the microheater for the thermal excitation. An optimized triggering signal with an amplitude of 12.5 V along with an arm length of 2.35 μm of the MZI device (VπLπ = 30 V•μm) established a π-shift at the output of the device. The proposed device consumes ~26 pJ for modulating a single bit with a delay of 3.5 ns.INDEX TERMS Mach-Zehnder interferometer, optical modulation, phase change material, thermo-optical modulator, vanadium dioxide

Is exponential stability achievable in singular perturbed delayed systems with time-varying parameters? A comprehensive analysis

“…The specific definition of matrix is provided in equation (2) . Additionally, represents a constant parameter, while and correspond to identical and identity matrices, respectively [ [87] , [88] , [89] ]. An important observation emerging from this description pertains to the multiplication of by the derivative of states, signifying its influence on the dynamic evolution of the system.…”

Stochastic Economic–Resilience Management of Combined Cooling, Heat, and Power-Based Microgrids in a Multi-Objective Approach

“…In this reference, the management of MGs' power is classified into two approaches. The first approach focuses on minimizing MG operation costs by reducing generation expenses and purchasing cost-effectively from the retail market [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. The second approach involves the integrated operation of MGs, referred to as the networked operation [42][43][44].…”

Day-ahead resilience-economic energy management and feeder reconfiguration of a CCHP-based microgrid, considering flexibility of supply

“…There are various strategies to enhance the distribution system resilience [ [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ], which one of the most effective one is the development of Microgrids (MGs) [ [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] ]. By MGs' resilience enhancement, the resilience of distribution systems also improves [ 31 ].…”