“…New high-resolution instruments, such as the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), can resolve emission plumes from large industrial activities such as power generation, fabrication and refining processes (Anema, 2021;Goldberg et al, 2019;Ialongo et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2022). A suite of methods have been developed to derive emission estimates from both daily and time aggregated observations of these large sources (Beirle et al, 2011(Beirle et al, , 2019de Foy et al, 2015;Fioletov et al, 2015;Hakkarainen et al, 2021), providing a potential avenue for these instruments to assist with regulation and to constrain bottom up emission estimates (Marais et al, 2021;Pope et al, 2021;Potts et al, 2021). Emissions from these sources are often distinct, thermally buoyant and can extend over 0 -20 km vertically and 10 -200 km horizontally, where large scale atmospheric effects may progressively influence the dispersion and trajectory of the plume as it travels downwind.…”