Abstract:Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a worldwide prevalence with very alarming situation in low-income and developing countries including Pakistan. During this project, we investigated peels of two commonly used Citrus species, i.e., C. sinensis and hybrid Citrus (C. nobilis and C. delicense) for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglycation, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Initially the peels were dried and extracted with various solvents. Then, HPLC and ATR-FTIR analysis was performed and finally the … Show more
“…The C=C stretching of unsaturated fatty acids and C=O of carboxyl groups can be related to the variations in FTIR patterns observed in the 1900–1500 cm −1 region. The weak bands in the 1200–1000 cm −1 might be related to lipophilic volatile hydrocarbon and terpenes 17 . There were no proteins and carbohydrates in prepared extracts of fatty acids.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Polysaccharide vibrations, including symmetric stretching of C–O–C and OH groups, cause the band at 1100–900 cm −1 . The bands at 900–500 cm −1 are due to the vibration of terpenes and terpenoids 17 . According to FTIR analyses, citrus peels have a high concentration of carbohydrates (1100–900 cm −1 ) and a lower concentration of protein, fatty acids, and terpenes (Fig.…”
Microalgae could be an excellent resource of functional and essential fatty acids. To achieve viable microalgal biomass production, mass cultivation of microalgae is required; however, the high cost of nutrients is the obstacle. An inexpensive and nutritious material is required to feed Chlorella vulgaris in the pharmaceutical and food sectors. Citrus peel waste with a valuable nutritional quality could be one of the promising and inexpensive candidates. In this study, the fatty acid extract from different citrus peels was used as the organic nutrient source for the cultivation of Chlorella. The proximate composition of bitter orange, sweet orange, grapefruit, and mandarin peels were determined, and their nutritional quality was evaluated. Total fatty acids from the citrus peel were prepared by acidic methanol hydrolysis and hexane extraction. Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyze the fatty acid composition and nutrient composition. Fatty acids from the citrus peels were added to the Chlorella culture medium to study their influences on biomass, lipid production, fatty acid profile, and nutritional quality of Chlorella. The most predominant citrus peel fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, oleic, linolenic, and stearic acids. The citrus peels contain polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The most unsaturated fatty acids were omega-6, omega-3, omega-9, and omega-7. The citrus peel had acceptable atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, omega-6/omega-3, peroxidizability, hypocholesterolemic, and nutritive value indices. The major fatty acids of Chlorella were palmitic, linoleic, oleic, alpha-linolenic, gamma-linolenic, 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoic, palmitoleic, 7,10-hexadecadienoic, 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic, lauric and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Chlorella contains polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The most unsaturated fatty acids contain omega-6, omega-3, omega-9, and omega-7. Chlorella had acceptable atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, omega-6/omega-3, hypocholesterolemic, peroxidizability, and nutritive value indices. Supplementation of Chlorella with citrus peels fatty acid increases total biomass, lipid content, and nutritional quality of Chlorella. The present research shows that citrus peels have good nutritional quality and could be used for the inexpensive cultivation of Chlorella biomass with potential utility for food application.
“…The C=C stretching of unsaturated fatty acids and C=O of carboxyl groups can be related to the variations in FTIR patterns observed in the 1900–1500 cm −1 region. The weak bands in the 1200–1000 cm −1 might be related to lipophilic volatile hydrocarbon and terpenes 17 . There were no proteins and carbohydrates in prepared extracts of fatty acids.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Polysaccharide vibrations, including symmetric stretching of C–O–C and OH groups, cause the band at 1100–900 cm −1 . The bands at 900–500 cm −1 are due to the vibration of terpenes and terpenoids 17 . According to FTIR analyses, citrus peels have a high concentration of carbohydrates (1100–900 cm −1 ) and a lower concentration of protein, fatty acids, and terpenes (Fig.…”
Microalgae could be an excellent resource of functional and essential fatty acids. To achieve viable microalgal biomass production, mass cultivation of microalgae is required; however, the high cost of nutrients is the obstacle. An inexpensive and nutritious material is required to feed Chlorella vulgaris in the pharmaceutical and food sectors. Citrus peel waste with a valuable nutritional quality could be one of the promising and inexpensive candidates. In this study, the fatty acid extract from different citrus peels was used as the organic nutrient source for the cultivation of Chlorella. The proximate composition of bitter orange, sweet orange, grapefruit, and mandarin peels were determined, and their nutritional quality was evaluated. Total fatty acids from the citrus peel were prepared by acidic methanol hydrolysis and hexane extraction. Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyze the fatty acid composition and nutrient composition. Fatty acids from the citrus peels were added to the Chlorella culture medium to study their influences on biomass, lipid production, fatty acid profile, and nutritional quality of Chlorella. The most predominant citrus peel fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, oleic, linolenic, and stearic acids. The citrus peels contain polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The most unsaturated fatty acids were omega-6, omega-3, omega-9, and omega-7. The citrus peel had acceptable atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, omega-6/omega-3, peroxidizability, hypocholesterolemic, and nutritive value indices. The major fatty acids of Chlorella were palmitic, linoleic, oleic, alpha-linolenic, gamma-linolenic, 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoic, palmitoleic, 7,10-hexadecadienoic, 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic, lauric and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Chlorella contains polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The most unsaturated fatty acids contain omega-6, omega-3, omega-9, and omega-7. Chlorella had acceptable atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, omega-6/omega-3, hypocholesterolemic, peroxidizability, and nutritive value indices. Supplementation of Chlorella with citrus peels fatty acid increases total biomass, lipid content, and nutritional quality of Chlorella. The present research shows that citrus peels have good nutritional quality and could be used for the inexpensive cultivation of Chlorella biomass with potential utility for food application.
“…This complements the findings of the current study, where Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The consistency between these studies underscores the reliability of the antioxidant potential of Citrus nobilis, reinforcing its utility in natural health products (23).…”
Background: The pharmacological properties of citrus fruits have long been recognized in traditional medicine, with recent scientific studies corroborating their potential as sources of natural bioactive compounds. Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, in particular, have garnered attention for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Prior research has highlighted these species' capabilities, with various studies reporting on their significant health benefits.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from the peels of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, thereby contributing to the understanding of their potential therapeutic applications.
Methods: Essential oils were extracted from the peels of the three citrus species using hydro distillation. The antioxidant activity was assessed through Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. Antiglycation potential and alpha-amylase inhibition were evaluated for antidiabetic properties, while antimicrobial activity was determined using the Agar Well Diffusion Method.
Results: Citrus limettarisso showed the highest TPC (301.4474 ± 2.930402 mg GAE/100g) and significant antioxidant activity (68.26347% DPPH scavenging). Citrus maxima exhibited a high TFC (143.8727 ± 5.454545 mg CE/100g) but lower TPC (115.8333 ± 3.553444 mg GAE/100g). Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa demonstrated considerable TPC (244.1667 ± 5.862774 mg GAE/100g) and TFC (50.17576 ± 0.457566 mg CE/100g). Antiglycation and alpha-amylase inhibition assays revealed Citrus limettarisso as the most potent antidiabetic agent with the highest inhibition percentages. All three species showed significant antimicrobial activity.
Conclusion: The study confirms the substantial pharmacological potential of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, particularly in terms of their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Citrus limettarisso emerged as the most potent in most assays, underscoring its potential for therapeutic use. These findings support the use of these citrus species as natural sources of bioactive compounds for health and medical applications. It carries special importance for public health advancements.
“…The vibration of terpenes and terpenoids causes the bands at 900–500 cm −1 . According to FTIR analyses, citrus peels had a high concentration of carbohydrates and a lower concentration of protein, fatty acids, and terpenes [14] . Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 ). The amino acid extract possesses a high concentration of amino acids and a low quantity of phenolic hydrocarbon and terpenes, according to FTIR analysis [14] . LC-MS/MS results show that proline, asparagine, aspartate, alanine, beta-aminoisobutyric acid, serine, arginine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glycine, and valine are the major amino acids found in citrus peel ( Table 2 ).…”
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