“…Bilirubin, the breakdown product of hemoglobin turnover, is largely associated with jaundice. Generally, bilirubin is divided into three categories, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and free bilirubin. , Free bilirubin plays a significant role in tissue uptake and toxicity of bilirubin, and acts as a determinant in the pathogenesis of jaundice. , The normal concentration level of free bilirubin is <25 μmol/L in human serum, and the level is increased to >50 μmol/L under jaundice condition. , When the function of liver is impaired, free bilirubin cannot be adequately eliminated. Excess free bilirubin can accumulate in body organs and cause jaundice, brain damage, or even death. , Therefore, it is desirable to monitor the concentration of free bilirubin in human serum for diagnosing jaundice and liver disorder.…”