Ueber das Staphylotoxin

Neisser, Max; Wechsberg, Friedrich

doi:10.1007/bf02141231

Cited by 82 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…These initial studies attributed lethality in guinea pigs and rabbits, dermonecrosis, inflammation of the conjuctival epithelium, and hemolysis to toxigenic substances secreted by S. aureus [37,38,39,40,41,42,43]. However, the precipitating event that sparked a rigorous examination of S. aureus and its toxins came in the late 1920s following a tragedy in Bundaberg, Australia [14,35,44].…”

Section: Historic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin: Nearly a Century of Intrigue

Berube

Wardenburg

2013

Toxins

512

464

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Staphylococcus aureus secretes a number of host-injurious toxins, among the most prominent of which is the small β-barrel pore-forming toxin α-hemolysin. Initially named based on its properties as a red blood cell lytic toxin, early studies suggested a far greater complexity of α-hemolysin action as nucleated cells also exhibited distinct responses to intoxication. The hemolysin, most aptly referred to as α-toxin based on its broad range of cellular specificity, has long been recognized as an important cause of injury in the context of both skin necrosis and lethal infection. The recent identification of ADAM10 as a cellular receptor for α-toxin has provided keen insight on the biology of toxin action during disease pathogenesis, demonstrating the molecular mechanisms by which the toxin causes tissue barrier disruption at host interfaces lined by epithelial or endothelial cells. This review highlights both the historical studies that laid the groundwork for nearly a century of research on α-toxin and key findings on the structural and functional biology of the toxin, in addition to discussing emerging observations that have significantly expanded our understanding of this toxin in S. aureus disease. The identification of ADAM10 as a proteinaceous receptor for the toxin not only provides a greater appreciation of truths uncovered by many historic studies, but now affords the opportunity to more extensively probe and understand the role of α-toxin in modulation of the complex interaction of S. aureus with its human host.

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Section: Historic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin: Nearly a Century of Intrigue

Berube

Wardenburg

2013

Toxins

512

464

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“…In the early 1900s, Neisser and Wechsberg followed up on the work of Van de Velde by performing studies to determine whether the leukocidal and hemolytic activities of S. aureus were caused by independent toxic substances (48). Through adsorption of hemolysin with red blood cells (RBCs) or leucocidin with leukocytes, those authors determined that each substance could be selectively removed from culture supernatants without influencing the activity of the other (48).…”

Section: A Brief Historical Perspective: Identification and Early Chamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through adsorption of hemolysin with red blood cells (RBCs) or leucocidin with leukocytes, those authors determined that each substance could be selectively removed from culture supernatants without influencing the activity of the other (48). Similarly, Julianelle performed studies aimed at correlating leukocidal activity with hemolytic activity within a series of strains and found that in a number of instances, the activities of hemolysin and leucocidin did not coincide with one another (46).…”

Section: A Brief Historical Perspective: Identification and Early Chamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the 20th century progressed, however, more detailed investigations, including those by Weld and Gunther, were unable to conclusively validate whether the S. aureus hemolysin (now referred to as alpha-hemolysin) and leucocidin exert functions independently of one another (49,50). Many researchers were unable to reproduce the adsorption studies of Neisser and Wechsberg, and the conjecture that alpha-hemolysin and leucocidin were independent substances remained dubious at best (48,50,51). Much of the reason for the difficulty in deciphering functional differences between alpha-hemolysin and leucocidin would not be appreciated until much later, when the regulatory com- leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) and light microscopy (LM) images of the human T cell line HUT-R5 (cell line overexpressing CCR5) after exposure to a 90% lethal dose of LukED (5 g/ml).…”

Section: A Brief Historical Perspective: Identification and Early Chamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Bicomponent Pore-Forming Leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus

Alonzo

Torres

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

235

290

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SUMMARY The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including humans, single-celled eukaryotes, and numerous bacterial species. In bacteria, some of the most notable pore-forming molecules are protein toxins that interact with mammalian cell membranes to promote lysis, deliver effectors, and modulate cellular homeostasis. Of the bacterial species capable of producing pore-forming toxic molecules, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious. S. aureus can produce seven different pore-forming protein toxins, all of which are believed to play a unique role in promoting the ability of the organism to cause disease in humans and other mammals. The most diverse of these pore-forming toxins, in terms of both functional activity and global representation within S. aureus clinical isolates, are the bicomponent leucocidins. From the first description of their activity on host immune cells over 100 years ago to the detailed investigations of their biochemical function today, the leucocidins remain at the forefront of S. aureus pathogenesis research initiatives. Study of their mode of action is of immediate interest in the realm of therapeutic agent design as well as for studies of bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an updated perspective on our understanding of the S. aureus leucocidins and their function, specificity, and potential as therapeutic targets.

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“…Vaccine therapy, the undoubted success of which in staphylococcal lesions led to its less successful employment as a therapeutic measure in many other conditions, was based on, and apparently confirmed the belief in, opsonins. In view of our present knowledge of the importance of the exotoxins of the staphylococci, it is curious how early demonstrations of the pathogenic action of these toxins as found in broth-culture filtrates by von Lingelsheim (1899) and Neisser and Wechsberg (1901) were either forgotten or neglected. The more complete work of Kraus and Pribram (1906), demonstrating the presence in brothculture filtrates of a toxin which, injected intravenously, killed rabbits in less than thirty minutes, and which could be neutralized by an antitoxin, did not until long afterwards attract the attention it merited.…”

Section: The Exotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Staphylococci

Bigger¹

1937

BMJ

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In my opinion the main function of a meeting of one of the specialized Sections, such as that of pathology and bacteriology, held in connexion with an Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association, is to act as a focus from which the laboratory worker may radiate knowledge of the recent developments in his special sphere, and particularly of those which are of practical importance to his professional colleagues, whether these be physicians, surgeons, or gynaecologists.My communication to-day is therefore designed to place at the disposal of the medical profession what I regard as the ouLtstanding discoveries of the past fifteen years concerning the pathogenic staphylococci. I have attempted not merely to predigest and to render both assimilable and palatable to those who are not specialists in the subject the enormous mass of literature which has grown up around the staphylococci, but also to assess the practical importance of some of the many discoveries made during this period.For several years the staphylococci were my chief bacteriological hobby, but for the past four years, while still interested in these bacteria, I have taken no active part in investigations concerning them. In attempting to prepare this paper I first consulted that indispensable publication the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus in order to survey the field, and I confess that I was appalled to find that in a very few years it had so much outgrown my knowledge of it.Almost the only good result of the great war was the impetus it gave to bacteriological research, but during the war staphylococci were not much studied. They never became a military problem as did the meningococcus, the gonococcus, the Treponema pallidum, the enteric and dysentery bacilli, and the anaerobic bacteria, presumably because staphylococcal infections were not noticeably more common among soldiers than among civilians. So the war left the staphylococci as it found them, and the immediately post-war textbook on bacteriology gave practically the same information about them as did its pre-war be appreciated by noting the number of entries relating to staphylococci in each of a series of years in the Quarterly Cumalulative Index Medicus. The number of references given were, in 1921, 8; in 1926, 43; in 1931, 95; and in 1936, 267. Before studying the development of our knowledge of the staphylococci since 1922, I must outline the field I hope to cover. I propose to limit the field to the organisms which in 1914 were usually called the Staphylococcus pyogenes aurelus and Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, but which are, I believe, better grouped together as Staphylococcus pyogenes. I do not propose to make further mention of the Staphylococcus pyogenes citreus, in the existence of which as a pathogen I have little belief; of the Staphylococcus epidernmidis, which may be either included in the species Staphylococcus pyogenes or disregarded as non-pathogenic; orof the Micrococcus tetragenus, frequently considered as a staphylococcus. The ExotoxinsThe pre-war and immedia...

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Ueber das Staphylotoxin

Cited by 82 publications

References 0 publications

Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin: Nearly a Century of Intrigue

Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin: Nearly a Century of Intrigue

The Bicomponent Pore-Forming Leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus

Pathogenic Staphylococci

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