Udder, teat, and milk vein measurements of Indian dromedary camel and its relationship with milkability traits

Kumar, Manoj; Nehara, Manju; Prakash, Ved; Pannu, Urmila; Jyotsana, Basanti

doi:10.1007/s11250-023-03457-y

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Differences between animals of different parities could be related to a changing teat anatomy with advancing parity [17,27,30,57,58]. Milking characteristics varied according to the stage of lactation due to changes in milk yield with advancing lactation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Milkability of the Mediterranean Italian Buffalo and the Tunisian Maghrebi Camel According to Parity and Lactation Stage

Atigui,

Brahmi,

Marnet

et al. 2024

Animals

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While considered as hard milkers, both buffaloes and camels are milked with equipment destined for dairy cows based on external morphological similarities with this species. This work aimed to study similarities and differences in milkability traits between Mediterranean buffaloes and Maghrebi she-camels and to evaluate the effect of parity and lactation stage. A total of 422 milk flow curves recorded with an electronic milkmeter (Lactocorder®) for both species were accessed. Milking characteristics including milk yield per milking, peak milk flow, average milk flow, duration of the main milking phase, duration of total milking, duration of various phases of milk flow, lag time and time to milk ejection, stripping yield, overmilking time and incidence of bimodal milk flow curves were evaluated for both species. Results showed that the values of milk yield per milking, duration of the main milking phase and duration of total milking were higher in buffaloes (3.98 ± 0.10 kg; 4.07 ± 0.11 min; 9.89 ± 0.21 min, respectively) compared to camels (3.51 ± 0.08 kg; 3.05 ± 0.09 min; 3.76 ± 0.09 min, respectively). However, camels had significantly higher peak and average milk flow (2.45 ± 0.07 kg/min and 1.16 ± 0.03 kg/min, respectively). Camels took significantly less time for milk ejection to occur. Only 15.49% of recorded curves were bimodal in buffaloes while 34.93% of bimodal curves were recorded for camels. Overmilking was significantly higher in buffaloes (3.64 ± 0.21 min vs. 0.29 ± 0.02 min). Parity and lactation stage had a significant effect on most studied milking traits suggesting the need for some particular practices with primiparous animals and animals at different levels of lactation for both species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Milkability of the Mediterranean Italian Buffalo and the Tunisian Maghrebi Camel According to Parity and Lactation Stage

Atigui,

Brahmi,

Marnet

et al. 2024

Animals

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“…Because camels do not have gland cisterns for storage, milk production is a reflex secretion ( 42 ). Previous studies have demonstrated that milkability traits can be assessed using udder and teat morphological traits of camels, contributing to the selection of high-producing camels ( 43 ). Camel teats have a double ductal anatomy with a promising prophylactic effect against mastitis-causing pathogens ( 44 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

et al. 2023

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IntroductionThe demand for camel milk, which has unique therapeutic properties, is increasing. The mammary gland is the organ in mammals responsible for the production and quality of milk. However, few studies have investigated the genes or pathways related to mammary gland growth and development in Bactrian camels. This study aimed to compare the morphological changes in mammary gland tissue and transcriptome expression profiles between young and adult female Bactrian camels and to explore the potential candidate genes and signaling pathways related to mammary gland development.MethodsThree 2 years-old female camels and three 5 years-old adult female camels were maintained in the same environment. The parenchyma of the mammary gland tissue was sampled from the camels using percutaneous needle biopsy. Morphological changes were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq platform to analyze changes in the transcriptome between young and adult camels. Functional enrichment, pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction networks were also analyzed. Gene expression was verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).ResultsHistomorphological analysis showed that the mammary ducts and mammary epithelial cells in adult female camels were greatly developed and differentiated from those in young camels. Transcriptome analysis showed that 2,851 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the adult camel group compared to the young camel group, of which 1,420 were upregulated, 1,431 were downregulated, and 2,419 encoded proteins. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were significantly enriched for 24 pathways, including the Hedgehog signaling pathway which is closely related to mammary gland development. The downregulated genes were significantly enriched for seven pathways, among these the Wnt signaling pathway was significantly related to mammary gland development. The protein–protein interaction network sorted the nodes according to the degree of gene interaction and identified nine candidate genes: PRKAB2, PRKAG3, PLCB4, BTRC, GLI1, WIF1, DKK2, FZD3, and WNT4. The expression of fifteen genes randomly detected by qRT-PCR showed results consistent with those of the transcriptome analysis.DiscussionPreliminary findings indicate that the Hedgehog, Wnt, oxytocin, insulin, and steroid biosynthesis signaling pathways have important effects on mammary gland development in dairy camels. Given the importance of these pathways and the interconnections of the involved genes, the genes in these pathways should be considered potential candidate genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with mammary gland development and milk production in Bactrian camels.

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“…Similar guidelines for linear score evaluation are also utilized by other organizations involved in the dairy cattle industry (Stamschror et al, 2000;Mwacharo et al, 2006;Anonymous, 2022). The udder numerical morphological values mentioned in this article have been obtained from various publications focusing on the udders of dairy camels (Eisa and Hassabo, 2009;Ayadi et al, 2016;Musaad et al, 2017;Kumar et al, 2023). The statistical analysis of the relevance of these values to milk production is available in those publications.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, it is also important to note that the rear quarters of a camel produce more milk than the front quarters (Eisa & Hassabo, 2009;Musaad et al, 2017;Kumar et al, 2023); therefore, rear-quarters asymmetry, that is, in which the rear quarters are larger than the front quarters, should not be considered a fault. Another factor to consider when assessing a camel's milking capacity is the size and development of the milk vein or subcutaneous abdominal vein as there is a relationship between a large diameter of the milk vein and abundant milk production (Eisa et al, 2010;Braun and Forster, 2012;Gracner et al, 2015;Berger et al, 2016;Kumar et al, 2023). In lactating camels, a large and long milk vein is considered a positive attribute (Figure 12A), whereas a poorly developed or barely visible milk vein should be viewed as a negative attribute (Figure 12B).…”

Section: Udder Quarter Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proposed simplified scorecard for the linear descriptive evaluation of dairy characters of female camels (Camelus dromedarius) of the Majaheem breed

Dioli,

Nasef,

Braithwaite

et al. 2023

Front. Anim. Sci.

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The camel (Camelus dromedarius) holds significant importance as a valuable livestock species for milk production. Consequently, there is an increasing need to enhance attitudes toward increasing camel milk production by selectively breeding camels with desirable milk production attributes. The Majaheem camels have gained recognition for their favorable milk production traits. However, there is currently a lack of rational and modern tools to aid in the evaluation of Majaheem camels, specifically in terms of their milk production capabilities. To address this deficiency and provide guidance to camel breeders for the effective evaluation and selection of superior milk-producing Majaheem camels, a breed linear scorecard is proposed in line with that adopted for Holstein–Friesian milking cattle. However, the scorecard has been simplified and adapted to the phenotypic characteristics of the Majaheem camel breed.

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Udder, teat, and milk vein measurements of Indian dromedary camel and its relationship with milkability traits

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Study of the Milkability of the Mediterranean Italian Buffalo and the Tunisian Maghrebi Camel According to Parity and Lactation Stage

Study of the Milkability of the Mediterranean Italian Buffalo and the Tunisian Maghrebi Camel According to Parity and Lactation Stage

Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

A proposed simplified scorecard for the linear descriptive evaluation of dairy characters of female camels (Camelus dromedarius) of the Majaheem breed

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