“…In 1973, Katz, Gurevitch , and Hass proposed five categories of needs that apply to all media formats: 1) Cognitive needs, 2) Affective needs , 3) Personal integrative needs , 4) Social integrative needs ; and 5) Cathartic needs . Social media U&G research has revealed a broad spectrum of previously unidentified gratifications, including socializing ( Apaolaza et al., 2014 ), documentation ( Sheldon and Bryant, 2016 ), virtual community ( Chen and Kim, 2013 ), interpersonal utility ( Luo and Remus, 2014 ), reciprocity ( Pai and Arnott, 2013 ), expressive information sharing, professional advancement, meeting new people ( Smock et al., 2011 ), career opportunities, global exchange ( Roy, 2009 ), spiritual support, psychological support, and networking ( Anderson, 2011 ), as well as online shopping and purchasing behavior ( Hossain et al., 2020 ; Hossain et al., 2020 ).…”