Ubiquitous monitoring of human sunlight exposure in cities

Smart Cities and Healthcare: A Systematic Review

“…According to ([26], p. 164), population health surveillance is the "ongoing systematic collection, assembly, analysis, and interpretation of population health data, and the communication of the information derived from these data to stimulate response to emerging health problems, and for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health services and programs". Since IT facilitates the implementation of practical and efficient mechanisms to gather data, 14 of the retrieved articles reported on studies to support data collection, analysis, and dissemination applied to surveille diseases [27], accidents [28], environmental conditions [16,25,29,30], physical activities [31], emotions [17,, and food quality [37]. Figure 3 presents the articles found for each topic.…”

“…Regarding the monitoring of environmental conditions, four articles were retrieved: [16] proposed the development of an application to monitor the index of electromagnetic radiation of buildings and areas of a smart city, dedicated to individuals who suffer from the pathology of electromagnetic hypersensitivity; [25] was based on a scoping review and suggested a micro-level monitoring network of static devices that could measure harmful air pollutants and ultraviolet radiation exposure levels with the aim to prevent lung cancer and skin cancer, respectively, by improving air quality and reducing ultraviolet exposure; [29] proposed an application to monitor individual environments (e.g., infrastructure, weather, or social interactions) to better understand the link between genetic traits and disease by using genome-wide association studies; and [30] presented a mobile application to estimate the level of ultraviolet radiation exposure each individual was subjected to at any given time and location.…”

“…Data from smart city infrastructure [16,19,25,[29][30][31]48,49,52] Data provided by sensors inside vehicles [28,51] Data provided by video cameras [50,56] Data provided by gas sensors [37] Geo-tagged social media data [34][35][36]56] Data collected by online questionnaire [17,33] Data provided by lifestyle monitoring devices: Location [16,21,30,31,39,40,43,45,[48][49][50]55] Activity [18,20,24,31,41,42,48,49 [47] Finally, two articles reported on the use of social media [38,60] and one article, [22], reported on the development of an ambulance robot equipped with an AED. Using multiple sensors for navigation (vision and range sensors) this robot might be able to navigate from a point to a given destination without losing the correct path or hitting obstacles [22].…”

“…In terms of maturity level, different development stages were identified (Figure 4): eight articles proposed concepts for further development [18,25,29,32,36,40,46,50]; two articles [32,41] related to the same project reported on the ongoing activities to elicit the requirements using an interactive design approach (i.e., 35 care receivers were actively involved in all phases of the project to validate the data detection and intervention services); eight articles proposed theoretical models and applied simulation techniques to validate them [19,23,35,44,52,53,58,59] (in some cases, real data were used such as from the London Ambulance Service [53] or data available for the 27,775 citizens living in Copenhagen [58]); eight articles defined architectures [24,27,31,40,48,49,55,56], and some of them were validated (e.g., some of the components of the architecture were implemented for its validation [24] or a simulation of a use case was performed for the conceptual validation of the architecture [56]); 14 articles presented prototypes that were developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the concepts [16,17,21,22,28,30,33,34,37,…”

“…Copenhagen [58]); eight articles defined architectures [24,27,31,40,48,49,55,56], and some of them were validated (e.g., some of the components of the architecture were implemented for its validation [24] or a simulation of a use case was performed for the conceptual validation of the architecture [56]); 14 articles presented prototypes that were developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the concepts [16,17,21,22,28,30,33,34,37,47,51,54,57,60]; and four articles reported on prototypes that were assessed by real users [20,38,43,45].…”