Über periostracum-bildung

Kessel, Erwin

doi:10.1007/bf00421688

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This is an extremely complicated tanned protein layer, laid down in the periostracal groove (Kessel, 1944), with a complex layered structure (Kawaguti & Ikemoto, 1962;Dunachie, 1963;Beedham & Owen, 1965). This is an extremely complicated tanned protein layer, laid down in the periostracal groove (Kessel, 1944), with a complex layered structure (Kawaguti & Ikemoto, 1962;Dunachie, 1963;Beedham & Owen, 1965).…”

Section: (A) the Mantle Cells The Work Of Trueman (1949) Yonge (195mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c) The periostracum. This is an extremely complicated tanned protein layer, laid down in the periostracal groove (Kessel, 1944), with a complex layered structure (Kawaguti & Ikemoto, 1962;Dunachie, 1963; Beedham & Owen, 1965). It is the substrate upon which calcification begins, and in species with substantial amounts of aragonite and calcite in the shell, this initial calcification is always in the form of calcite, and the periostracum is thick.…”

Section: Controls On Shell Mineralogy ( I ) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental and Biological Controls on Bivalve Shell Mineralogy

1969

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Summary Bivalves lay down two forms of calcium carbonate in their shells, aragonite and calcite. Shells may be wholly aragonitic, or may contain both aragonite and calcite, in separate monomineralic layers. Shells are built up of several layers of distinct aggregations of calcium carbonate crystals. These aggregations are referred to as shell structures and their general features are described. Aragonite occurs as prismatic, nacreous, crossed‐lamellar, complex crossed‐lamellar and homogeneous structures. Calcite occurs as prismatic or foliated structures. Myostracal layers (calcium carbonate laid down below sites of muscle attachment) are always aragonitic. The ligament and byssus when calcined are also invariably aragonitic. A summary of the occurrence of calcite and aragonite and the associated shell structures is given. Calcite is found only in the outer layer of superfamilies belonging to the subclass Pterio‐morphia with the exception of two species only from the Heterodont superfamily Chamacea. Generally within a superfamily shell structure and mineralogy are very constant. In all superfamilies these combinations have existed for many millions of years. It is therefore demonstrated that the prime control on shell mineralogy is genetic. Possible controls on mineralogy by the mantle cells, nature of the extrapallial fluid, nature of the periostracum and the organic matrix of the shell layers are discussed. It is known that environmental factors may modify the basic mineralogy/shell structure pattern within a superfamily. Thus there is an inverse relationship between the percentage of calcite in the shell and the mean temperature of the environment inhabited by the bivalve. A critical examination of published data shows that the evidence is convincing only in the superfamily Mytilacea. The species Mytilus californianus, which shows the greatest temperature effects, is peculiar amongst the Mytilacea in having an inner calcite layer as well as an outer one. Conflicting evidence for an inverse relationship between salinity and aragonite content is reviewed. The differences of opinion cannot be resolved without experimental work. We are grateful to the following for much useful discussion, and encouragement in many ways: Dr J. R. Baker, Dr G. E. Beedham, Dr B. C. M. Butler, Dr A. Hallam, Dr J. D. Hudson, Dr R. P. S. Jefferies, Mr J. Macrae, Dr W. S. McKerrow, Mr N. J. Morris, Mr C. P. Palmer, Mr N. Tebble, Dr E. R. Trueman and Professor A. Williams. Our best thanks are to Mr R. Cleevley for critically reviewing the manuscript. The following have rendered us considerable technical assistance: the staff of the electromicroscopy unit of the British Museum (Natural History), under the direction of Mr B. Martin; the technical staff of the Department of Geology, King's College, London and of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Oxford; Mrs J. M. Hall, and Mr G. Burton.

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Section: (A) the Mantle Cells The Work Of Trueman (1949) Yonge (195mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Controls On Shell Mineralogy ( I ) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Biological Controls on Bivalve Shell Mineralogy

1969

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“…According to Burkhardt (1916) and Kessel (1944), the periostracal groove is covered by gland epithelium. At the bottom of the periostracum groove, bottle‐like gland cells extend into the connective tissue (Burkhardt, 1916).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the bottom of the periostracum groove, bottle‐like gland cells extend into the connective tissue (Burkhardt, 1916). Embedded in the outer fold is a wedge‐shaped gland that probably is the “Drüsenpolster” as termed by the German authors (Kessel, 1944) or “bandelette palléale” by Moynier de Villepoix (1892).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A hairy business—Periostracal hair formation in two species of helicoid snails (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Helicoidea)

Allgaier

2011

Journal of Morphology

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In molluscs, the calcareous shell is covered externally by a thin organic layer, the periostracum. The periostracum of some pulmonate species is of special taxonomic interest because it bears distinct microscale architectures. Where and how these structures are formed is as yet unknown. Using histological sections through their shells, gelatin cuts, and live observations I studied the pattern by which the periostracal hair-like projections in two helicoid land snail species are secreted and evenly arranged on the shell. The results indicate a complex mechanism: a hair is formed in the periostracal groove independently of the periostracum, after which it is attached to the edge of the shell, drawn out of the tissue, and finally swivelled to the upper side of the periostracum. Upon further growth of the periostracum, the hairs are finally fixed upright on the shell.

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Formation and structure of the periostracum inLymnaea stagnalis

Kniprath

1972

Calc. Tis Res.

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Über periostracum-bildung

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Environmental and Biological Controls on Bivalve Shell Mineralogy

Environmental and Biological Controls on Bivalve Shell Mineralogy

A hairy business—Periostracal hair formation in two species of helicoid snails (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Helicoidea)

Formation and structure of the periostracum inLymnaea stagnalis

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