Über Hautsinnesorgane neben dem menschlichen Haar (Haarscheiben) und ihre vergleichend=anatomische Bedeutung

Pinkus, Felix

doi:10.1007/bf02979999

Cited by 101 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…SAI units and touch spots It has been shown in animal experiments that SAL afferents supply clusters of Merkel cells that are located closely together below small spots of specialized epidermal structures forming touch spots in the hairy skin (Iggo & Muir, 1969). The structure of our SAI fields conforms very well to this pattern, assuming that each high-sensitivity spot corresponds to a single dome or touch spot, as originally described by Pinkus (1904). An additional detail, not previously described, was that many SAI fields had a very small spot in addition to the two to four regular touch spots.…”

Section: Methods Of Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Receptive field characteristics of tactile units with myelinated afferents in hairy skin of human subjects.

Vallbo

Olausson

Wessberg

et al. 1995

The Journal of Physiology

199

168

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1. Impulses in single nerve fibres from the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve were recorded using the microneurography technique in human subjects. 2. In a sample of fifty-five mechanoreceptive units with fast-conducting nerve fibres, five types were identified, i.e. SAI (slowly adapting type I, Merkel), SAII (slowly adapting type II, Ruffini), hair units, field units and Pacinian-type units. The latter three unit types were all rapidly adapting. 3. The detailed structure of thirty-five receptive fields of SAI, SAII, hair and field units was explored with a method which was objective and independent of the experimenter's skill and experience. A lightweight probe was used to scan the receptive field area in a series of tracks 023 mm apart while single-unit activity was recorded. 4. SAI fields were small and composed of two to four well-separated high-sensitivity spots and often, in addition, one minor spot of lower sensitivity. SAII units typically fired spontaneously at a low and regular rate. Most fields consisted of one single spot of high sensitivity with diffuse borders. The hair units innervated ten to thirty-three (or more) hairs, which were evenly distributed over a large area. The field units were characterized by a number of small and closely packed high-sensitivity spots with diffuse borders. A conservative estimate indicated eleven spots per unit. 5. The findings indicate that the sheet of mechanoreceptors on the skin of the forearm is distinctly different from that on the dorsum of the hand and in the face. It seems reasonable to assume that the former is more representative for the hairy skin covering the main parts of the body.

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Section: Methods Of Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The spatial spike densities are indicated by a colour code in Fig. 5 that these spots correspond to the touch spots and domes covering clusters of Merkel cells as previously described in other mammals (Pinkus, 1904;Iggo & Muir, 1969). None of the eleven SAI units was spontaneously firing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptive field characteristics of tactile units with myelinated afferents in hairy skin of human subjects.

Vallbo

Olausson

Wessberg

et al. 1995

The Journal of Physiology

199

168

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“…Vernon B. Mountcastle suggested that the excrescences of the stimulus points might be Haarscheiben, discs or dome-like structures first described by Pinkus (1,2) in the skin of man and later by Iggo (3) in the skin of cats and monkeys. Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mysterious form of referred sensation in man.

Richter¹

1977

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A phenomenon is described in which scratching a small excrescence on the skin on one part of the body is referred to a distant point as a "prick" or a "tingle." "Referral" points are elicited mainly by absent-minded scratching of the skin when attention is not focused on the local sensation produced by the scratch. Location of "referral" points seems to follow definite patterns: in all instances, "referral" points occurred on the same side of the body as the "stimulus" points; each "referral" point was rostral to its "stimulus" point; and each "stimulus" point was associated with only one "referral" point. "Stimulus' and "referral" points seem to have a fixed relationship. Pathways from a "stimulus" point to a "referral" point are not known at present. Although parallels can be drawn between this phenomenon and Bender's "double simultaneous stimulation" phenomenon, both remain mysteries.For many years I had occasionally observed that scratching the skin on one part of my body-for example, the knee-elicited a very brief unmistakable sensation of a "sting" or "prick" on some distant part-for example, the tip of the shoulder. Somehow it did not occur to me until 5 years ago to keep records of each effective scratch "stimulus" and of each resulting "referral" point.This Fig. 1 shows one of these charts with only three views of the body and gives records of -the phenomenon elicited on different parts of the body on three occasions. Xs mark stimulus points; dots mark "referral" points. Lines join each of the three pairs: I, scratching a spot on the left leg below the knee elicited a "sting" just posterior to the left axilla; II, scratching a spot just above the left knee resulted in a "sting" just anterior to the left axilla; III, a scratch on a spot on the inner surface of the right knee elicited a "sting" on the middle of the lower right back. RESULTSConditions That Favor Appearance of Phenomenon. These were: (i) absent-minded scratching-e.g., during reading, writing, talking; (ii) warm, sweaty skin; (iii) wearing light, loose clothing; (iv) generally relaxed frame of mind.Anatomy of Stimulus Point. In most instances, each stimulus point occurred over a usually just perceptible excrescence on the skin. The excrescences were just barely large enough to offer slight resistance to the nail of the scratching finger.Nature of Referral Point. We have had difficulty in describing the sensation of the referral response to the scratch. It can be described either as a "sting," a "prick," or a "tingle," but in any case it is a clear-cut sensation. It occurs instantaneously with the scratch, rarely lasts more than a second or two, and usually becomes refractory to any further immediate scratching. In some instances, however, immediate repetitions of the scratch four or five times within a few seconds elicited a "sting" with each scratch.Thus far, we have not found that referral points can be detected either by sight or touch. We have not actually been able to locate many referral points with any degree of accuracy bec...

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“…There are several confirmatory reports of the distinctive physiological properties of the afferent unit, particularly by Tapper (1965), Werner & Mountcastle (1965), Lindblom & Tapper (1966), and Smith (1968), in the cat, rabbit and monkey. As the results will show, the sense organ can now be identified with the 'hair disk' (Haarscheibe) of Pinkus (1904) (see Pinkus H., 1964, for a historical note) which has been found in 764 TOUCH CORPUSCLE 765 several species including man (Tamponi, 1939;Kawamura, 1954;Straile, 1958Straile, , 1960Straile, , 1961Winkelmann, 1959;Siminoff, 1965;Mann & Straile, 1965;Smith, 1968). In the past the afferent unit appears sometimes to have been confused with, or not distinguished from, another less numerous kind of slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Chambers & Iggo, 1967;Iggo, 1968), from which, however, it can now be distinguished on several grounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The structure and function of a slowly adapting touch corpuscle in hairy skin

Iggo¹,

Muir²

1969

The Journal of Physiology

700

436

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SUMMARY1. Slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors, in the cat and primates, have been studied by histological and neurophysiological methods.2. Each touch corpuscle is a dome-shaped elevation of the epidermis, whose deepest layer contains up to fifty specialized tactile cells.3. Nerve plates, enclosed by the tactile cell (Merkel cells), are connected to a single myelinated axon in the dense collagenous core of the corpuscle.4. The corpuscle generated > 1000 impulses/sec when excited by vertical surface pressure. The response was highly localized and showed a low mechanical threshold, the frequency being dependent upon' the velocity and amplitude of the displacement. There was a period of rapid adaptation before a sustained response which might continue for > 30 min.5. A quantitative analysis of the responses to excitation by displacements of differing amplitude, velocity and duration is included.6. The discharge of touch corpuscle units evoked by a mechanical stimulus was temperature-sensitive, and was enhanced by a fall in skin temperature.

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Über Hautsinnesorgane neben dem menschlichen Haar (Haarscheiben) und ihre vergleichend=anatomische Bedeutung

Abstract: Aus der hydrotherapeutischen Anstalt der Universit~t Berlin. 0ber Hautsinnesorgane neben dem menschlichen Haar (Haarscheiben) und ihre vergleichend-anatomische Bedeutung.

Cited by 101 publications

References 11 publications

Receptive field characteristics of tactile units with myelinated afferents in hairy skin of human subjects.

Receptive field characteristics of tactile units with myelinated afferents in hairy skin of human subjects.

Mysterious form of referred sensation in man.

The structure and function of a slowly adapting touch corpuscle in hairy skin

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