Über Esterbildung

Esterification of Butanol and Acetic Acid.

“…The average deviation for the rate constant calculated from Equation 11 compared with the observed values for all of the runs is 15.3%, and for those runs in the range encountered in the continuous esterification experiments, 7.46%. SUMMARY OF KINETIC DATA AND THEORY Goldschmidt (5) and Smith (18) showed that the free hydrogen ion of a mineral acid acts as a catalyst by combining with the alcoholic hydroxyl to form a complex: RCOOH + R,OHi+ -RCOORi + , k = 0.000618 -0.376724 C + 0.180917 Cj (8) They expressed the rate of formation of ester by the equation:…”

Inclusion of spin-orbit and low-symmetry effects in a vibronic coupling (PKS) model for mixed-valence dimers: application to the Creutz-Taube ion

“…of Piepho and Schatz5-hereafter referred to as PS. In our present case, each Ru atom (full rotary reflection group Of is first distorted by its six adjacent nitrogens to octahedral (Of symmetry; taking into account the fact that one of these six nitrogens comes from pyrazine while the remaining five are ammonia nitrogens further lowers the symmetry to C4o. Finally the presence of the pyrazine ring reduces the symmetry still further to Cju-It follows from the above discussion that the group chain appropriate to the C2" basis functions of the Ru centers is 03 D Ohf) Dih D C4d D C2b D C2 (1) Working in this basis enormously simplifies calculations. Basis functions of the lower groups of the chain (e.g., C^,) are also basis functions of higher groups of the chain (e.g., Of.…”

“…Basis functions of the lower groups of the chain (e.g., C^,) are also basis functions of higher groups of the chain (e.g., Of. However, the particular Oh basis specified by the chain in (1) is not one of the more common Oh bases (e.g., it is not one of the PS bases5). Note in particular that on each center, the four ammonia groups adjacent to the ring are at angles of ~45°above and below the plane of the ring2 (see Figure 1); this leads to a different C4" -* C2b branching than would be obtained if the pyrazine ring and two of these adjacent ammonia nitrogens lay in the same plane.…”

Catalytic Synthesis of Pyridine

“…Higher boiling material and an unknown nitrogenous substance boiling at 130°are produced in considerable amounts. 5. Dihydropyrane and ammonia react over chromium oxide on alumina in the vapor phase at 400°to give 1% pyridine and 9% piperidine.…”