“…The X-ray structural studies clarified the orientation of hydrocarbon chains . The hydrophobic effect, attributed to entropy-driven changes in water structure, which was initially studied in connection with colloid behavior, – waterproofing of textiles, and protein folding, , was recognized as the driving force in the formation of the bilayer . The structure of the phospholipid bilayer in the gel phase was studied by neutron diffraction. – The headgroup dipoles change orientations in response to the overall charge of the bilayer .…”