UAVs for volcano monitoring: A new approach applied on an active lava flow on Mt. Etna (Italy), during the 27 February–02 March 2017 eruption

Beni, Emanuela De; Cantarero, Massimo; Messina, A.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.12.001

Cited by 68 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The results show that DJI-P4RTK surveying methodologies exclusively based on the acquisition of aerial images (following a specific protocol, such as the recording of GNSS data, an accurate image capture timestamp, and a few oblique images in addition to nadiral ones) are able to produce photogrammetric models with a centimeter-level accuracy, even if no GCPs are placed or surveyed or if no local base receiver is used. This aspect becomes particularly relevant whenever the time that is actually available for the survey is very limited or the site is not accessible due to safety reasons [31,32], coastal pollution [33], or remote forested areas [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Mapping Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK in Post-Processing Kinematic Mode

Taddia

Stecchi²,

Pellegrinelli

2020

Drones

120

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Topographic and geomorphological surveys of coastal areas usually require the aerial mapping of long and narrow sections of littoral. The georeferencing of photogrammetric models is generally based on the signalization and survey of Ground Control Points (GCPs), which are very time-consuming tasks. Direct georeferencing with high camera location accuracy due to on-board multi-frequency GNSS receivers can limit the need for GCPs. Recently, DJI has made available the Phantom 4 Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) (DJI-P4RTK), which combines the versatility and the ease of use of previous DJI Phantom models with the advantages of a multi-frequency on-board GNSS receiver. In this paper, we investigated the accuracy of both photogrammetric models and Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) generated in Agisoft Metashape from two different image datasets (nadiral and oblique) acquired by a DJI-P4RTK. Camera locations were computed with the Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) of the Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) file recorded by the aircraft during flight missions. A Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) located at a 15 km distance from the site was used for this task. The results highlighted that the oblique dataset produced very similar results, with GCPs (3D RMSE = 0.025 m) and without (3D RMSE = 0.028 m), while the nadiral dataset was affected more by the position and number of the GCPs (3D RMSE from 0.034 to 0.075 m). The introduction of a few oblique images into the nadiral dataset without any GCP improved the vertical accuracy of the model (Up RMSE from 0.052 to 0.025 m) and can represent a solution to speed up the image acquisition of nadiral datasets for PPK with the DJI-P4RTK and no GCPs. Moreover, the results of this research are compared to those obtained in RTK mode for the same datasets. The novelty of this research is the combination of a multitude of aspects regarding the DJI Phantom 4 RTK aircraft and the subsequent data processing strategies for assessing the quality of photogrammetric models, DTMs, and cross-section profiles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Mapping Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK in Post-Processing Kinematic Mode

Taddia

Stecchi²,

Pellegrinelli

2020

Drones

120

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“…Similar was done in [10]. De Beni et al [11] surveyed volcano Mt. Etna with a modified even-height mission, whereby the elevations of the upper waypoints were raised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Optimization of UAV Flight Missions in Steep Terrain

2020

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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry is one of the most effective methods for capturing a terrain in smaller areas. Capturing a steep terrain is more complex than capturing a flat terrain. To fly a mission in steep rugged terrain, a ground control station with a terrain following mode is required, and a quality digital elevation model (DEM) of the terrain is needed. The methods and results of capturing such terrain were analyzed as part of the Belca rockfall surveys. In addition to the national digital terrain model (NDTM), two customized DEMs were developed to optimize the photogrammetric survey of the steep terrain with oblique images. Flight heights and slant distances between camera projection centers and terrain are analyzed in the article. Some issues were identified and discussed, namely the vertical images in steep slopes and the steady decrease of UAV heights above ground level (AGL) with the increase of height above take-off (ATO) at 6%-8% rate. To compensate for the latter issue, the custom DEMs and NDTM were tilted. Based on our experience, the proposed optimal method for capturing the steep terrain is a combination of vertical and oblique UAV images.

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“…For active lava flows, imagery and topographic data, updated hourly to daily, enable early detection of breakouts, overflows and tumulus formation, are critical for forecasting changes in flow direction. 3-D models from photogrammetric processing are required to be generated within the few-hours timescales for cri-sis monitoring and civil protection purposes [De Beni et al 2019;Favalli et al 2018;Turner et al 2017b], and regular measurements such as lava channel dimensions and discharge rates will be assimilated into flow models to update maximum flow length estimates. Realising the potential of 'swarm' systems, which involve multiple cooperating vehicles, will accelerate data collection, increase resilience and provide novel distributed measurement opportunities such as distributed atmospheric data [Pieri et al 2013b].…”

Section: Future Prospects and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanological applications of unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS): Developments, strategies, and future challenges

James

Carr²,

D'Arcy³

et al. 2020

Volcanica

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Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are developing into fundamental tools for tackling the grand challenges in volcanology; here, we review the systems used and their diverse applications. UAS can typically provide image and topographic data at two orders of magnitude better spatial resolution than space-based remote sensing, and close-range observations at temporal resolutions down to those of video frame rates. Responsive deployments facilitate dense time-series measurements, unique opportunities for geophysical surveys, sample collection from hostile environments such as volcanic plumes and crater lakes, and emergency deployment of ground-based sensors (and robots) into hazardous regions. UAS have already been used to support hazard management and decisionmakers during eruptive crises. As technologies advance, increased system capabilities, autonomy, and availabilitysupported by more diverse and lighter-weight sensors-will offer unparalleled potential for hazard monitoring. UAS are expected to provide opportunities for pivotal advances in our understanding of complex physical and chemical volcanic processes. Non-technical SummaryUnoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are developing into essential tools for understanding and monitoring volcanoes. UAS can typically provide much more detailed imagery and 3-D maps of the Earth's surface, and more frequently, than satellites are able to. They can also make measurements and collect samples for geochemical analysis from hazardous regions such as volcanic plumes and near active vents. Through being quick to deploy, they offer key advantages during initial stages of volcano unrest as well as throughout eruptions. Data from UAS have already been used to support hazard management and decision-makers during crises. In the future, UAS will become increasingly capable of flying longer and more complex missions, more autonomously and with more sophisticated sensors, and are likely to become key components of broader sensor networks for monitoring and research.

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UAVs for volcano monitoring: A new approach applied on an active lava flow on Mt. Etna (Italy), during the 27 February–02 March 2017 eruption

Cited by 68 publications

References 17 publications

Coastal Mapping Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK in Post-Processing Kinematic Mode

Coastal Mapping Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK in Post-Processing Kinematic Mode

Optimization of UAV Flight Missions in Steep Terrain

Volcanological applications of unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS): Developments, strategies, and future challenges

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