UAVs Assisted Secure Blockchain Offline Transactions for V2V Charging Among Electric Vehicles in Disaster Area

Complementarity, Interoperability, and Level of Integration of Humanitarian Drones with Emerging Digital Technologies: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Literature Review of Mathematical Models

“…However, many researchers have assumed a stationary node, even if the target is a user device, i.e., an inherently mobile node, because its speed is naturally much slower than that of a UAV. In the communication between a UAV and stationary sensors [111,120,121,131,138,143,148,151,153,157,158,162,[166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173], the sensing area is divided into clusters and sensing nodes into cluster members, cluster heads, and relay nodes, responsible for data sensing, collection, and forwarding, respectively [172]. Clustering can reduce energy consumption, increase network scalability, extend battery life, decrease network delay, and boost throughput [174,175].…”

“…In UAV-to-UAV communication, a link is established between UAVs [121,122,126,132,133,138,[144][145][146][151][152][153]164,173,[176][177][178][179][180][181][182], forming a collaborative communication scheme. Not all UAVs are able to directly communicate with a BS due to different communication and networking requirements as well as vicinity reasons.…”

“…Last but not least, in some models, communication between UAVs and rescue vehicles takes place for safe driving and efficient rescue. The UAV-enabled Internet of vehicles (IoV) has been used [138,149,153,177,185] to assist with data sharing and recharging in disaster areas. Studies examining UAV-to-vehicle cooperation are further analyzed in the RCPS subsection.…”

“…Finally, UAV-vehicle collaboration was the last aspect explored in our sample, which falls into the cyber-physical system (CPS) part of the proposed labels in our coding criterion. In [153,219], blockchain-assisted models have been used to enable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging transactions in postdisaster electric vehicle networks, where UAVs functioned as sensing and communication nodes. In [193], vehicles were used as fog nodes to offload UAVs' heavy data processing and storage tasks.…”

“…A credit-based delegated proof-of-stake (DpoS) consensus algorithm was designed to efficiently reach consensus in the blockchain, where the credit value was evaluated based on nodes' behaviors. Researchers [153,219] have concentrated on UAV-aided blockchain offline transactions and, in particular, presented a game theory-assisted model designed to ensure the security and effectiveness of delay-tolerant blockchain V2V charging transactions in postdisaster vehicular networks when UAVs are offline. The authors of [193] developed a secure and efficient blockchain-based information sharing scheme able to safeguard data sharing in UAV-aided disaster rescue and immutably trace misbehaving entities.…”