UAV Icing: Experimental Investigation of Ice Shedding Times with an Electrothermal De-Icing System

Wallisch, Joachim; Hann, Richard

doi:10.2514/6.2022-3905

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For the case of −2 °C, de-icing with an intercycle time of 4 minutes was more energy-efficient than 6 minutes, while the parting strip de-icing run with 8 minutes was still the most energy-efficient. This is because, on one hand, for longer intercycle times, the IPS becomes typically more energy-efficient as has been shown in different studies [13,14]. On the other hand, more energy is required to compensate for the added drag for longer intercycle times.…”

Section: The Required Energy For Flight In Icing Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Previous research on IPS for UAVs was often looking at thermal IPS [13][14][15]. It has been found that the operation of thermal IPS as an anti-icing system requires more energy than the operation of the IPS as a de-icing system [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One shortcoming of previous research on the energy efficiency of electrothermal IPS for UAVs was their sole focus on the energy required for the IPS [13,14]. However, during the operation of deicing systems, ice is allowed to accrete on the wingthe so called intercycle ice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UAV Icing: Intercycle Ice Effects on Aerodynamic Performance

Wallisch¹,

Hann²

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Atmospheric in-flight icing poses a challenge to all aircraft including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Aircraft should avoid icing conditions unless they have ways of mitigating the negative effects of icing, e.g., if they are equipped with an ice protection system (IPS). When de-icing systems are used, a certain amount of ice is allowed to accumulate before it is removed. This intercycle ice deteriorates the aerodynamics by reducing the lift, adding mass, and increasing the drag. This study combines the energy that is required to compensate for the added drag of intercycle ice shapes with the energy required for a wing IPS and compares the energy needs for different IPS operations. Two different kinds of intercycle ice shapes are simulated numerically using FENSAP-ICE, one ice shape that would accrete on an unprotected wing and one ice shape that would accrete when using a parting strip, a continuously heated element at the leading edge. The results show that both intercycle ice shapes deteriorate the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil significantly compared to a clean airfoil. Additionally, the results show that the aerodynamics deteriorate fastest in the initial stages of ice accretion, likely caused by fast horn growth and a fast transition from laminar to turbulent flow. The aerodynamic performance is combined with energy requirements of electrothermal de-icing tests in an icing wind tunnel. The results show that de-icing with a parting strip is more energy-efficient than de-icing without a parting strip and anti-icing. In addition, it is found that the energy required for the IPS on a wing is significantly larger than the energy required to compensate for the added intercycle drag. Considering these results during the development and operation of an IPS will help to improve the range and endurance of UAVs in icing conditions.</div></div>

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Section: The Required Energy For Flight In Icing Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UAV Icing: Intercycle Ice Effects on Aerodynamic Performance

Wallisch¹,

Hann²

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…Lastly, the case study is presented similarly to previous work that quantified icing severity through performance degradation [8]. The wing performance curves simulated in [27], propeller performance curves calculated through simulation and experiments in [6], IPS energy consumption data in [11,28], and aircraft specifications in [29] are presented. The performance curves correspond to the airfoil, propeller, and IPS used on the Falk PX-31.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the path planner can help optimize the use of the IPS. Since the electrothermal IPS is an energy-intensive component of the system, knowing when to switch the IPS on or off is vital for mission success [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UAV Icing: Icing Cases for Validation of Path Planning Method

Cheung¹,

Hann²,

Johansen³

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">As part of the complete solution to deal with atmospheric in-flight icing on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), a path planner is a valuable tool for finding an optimal path for accomplishing UAV missions. When considering icing conditions, the planner manages areas with icing risk. Together with an electro-thermal ice protection system (IPS), the path planner can optimize energy consumption by comparing energy consumed flying through the cloud or around it, as the UAV can now more safely pass through the ice. The UAV’s aerodynamic stability is also considered by meeting lift requirements, producing enough thrust, and having battery capacity left. These are constraints in the planner to ensure that the UAV can complete its mission. Benchmark icing cases are constructed to validate that the path planner performs as intended. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used as a method in the planner due to its ability to handle highly nonlinear problems and to be able to explore the solution space effectively. Weather conditions are chosen following Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 25 Appendix C icing design envelopes required for certification. A cloud with ice is designed within a defined mission area. The constructed cloud will change size between simulations, where, by a specific cloud size, the PSO predicts that less energy is consumed flying through the iced area with an IPS than flying around it. With these icing cases, a baseline is set for future validation. The work performed in this paper will be used to validate the PSO algorithm. This paper can also benefit any UAV users that require a robust path planner by using the icing cases to identify any inconsistencies in their code. The results show that one version of the PSO handles most of these icing cases well. Inconsistencies were identified when using these icing cases, but this study makes an excellent example of how they can be used.</div></div>

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Numerical Simulation of In-Flight Icing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Hann

2023

Handbook of Numerical Simulation of in-Flight Icing

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UAV Icing: Experimental Investigation of Ice Shedding Times with an Electrothermal De-Icing System

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

UAV Icing: Intercycle Ice Effects on Aerodynamic Performance

UAV Icing: Intercycle Ice Effects on Aerodynamic Performance

UAV Icing: Icing Cases for Validation of Path Planning Method

Numerical Simulation of In-Flight Icing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

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