“…Rigid cables were used to prevent buoys from drifting, which would cause sensors to deviate from the target sea area. The length of the cable was adjustable; thus, the depth of the sensor node could be adjusted.As for the transmission medium, the models proposed by [37,47,48] used an underwater acoustic link. However, due to the limitations of current technology, the underwater acoustic link suffers from issues like low bandwidth, high latency, path loss, noise [49,50], multi-path, etc.…”