U-Space – Civil Liability for damages caused by Unmanned Aircraft

Konert, Anna; Kotliński, Mateusz

doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2020.11.033

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The first axis is related to various regulatory challenges that demand taking into account matters such as (a) airspace regulations for the smooth interaction between drones and manned aircraft [98]; (b) data privacy and security issues resulting from the ability of drones to collect data and use them in an inappropriate way during operations, or cybersecurity breach phenomena, in which a hacker can take control of the drone and adopt a bizarre behavior [98]; (c) civil liability insurance, associated with the establishment of insurance policies for potential accidents or damage caused by drones and cargo bikes [99]; and (d) noise pollution affecting residents in urban areas [100].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Cargo Bikes and Drones into Last-Mile Deliveries: Insights from Pilot Deliveries in Five Greek Cities

Athanasopoulos,

Chatziioannou,

Boutsi

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Currently, there is a growing consensus that the use of more sustainable urban freight transportation has the potential to offer major energy and efficiency benefits which can be achieved through the appropriate combination of cargo bikes and the integration of drones into the urban logistics system. This study presents the results of a stepwise regression analysis that examines the role, benefits, and impact of electric vehicles such as e-bikes, cargo bikes, and drones for intermodal freight transportation in five Greek cities to support the green logistics paradigm. The results show that between routes of almost equal length, the most bicycle-friendly routes, such as routes along pedestrian areas or residential streets, should be avoided, as they reduce delivery speed and increase delivery costs in terms of energy and time expenditure. In addition, priority roads, which usually have higher traffic speeds and more trucks, are preferred by cyclists due to the quality of the road surface, even though the feeling of safety is lower on such roads. Finally, regarding drones, energy consumption is relatively low in the 0–5 mph and 6–10 mph wind speed ranges, indicating efficient energy use. In the 11–15 mph and 16–20 mph wind speed ranges, energy efficiency is significantly lower than the battery capacity, indicating that the cargo drone exhibits excessive energy consumption under these conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Cargo Bikes and Drones into Last-Mile Deliveries: Insights from Pilot Deliveries in Five Greek Cities

Athanasopoulos,

Chatziioannou,

Boutsi

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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“…The VCEF defines the quality and safety of the shots. Our research on VLOS coefficients can contribute to increasing the safety of flights and the quality of shots taken within U-Space [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At higher altitudes (within 100 m), if the drone pilots find that there are no obstacles in the vicinity of the unmanned aerial vehicle, they usually focus on the image from the drone displayed on the controller screen. However, in this case, the pilot should (simultaneously) observe the drone in the airspace to ensure separation from other aircraft, birds, or objects that may unexpectedly appear (To decrease the risk related to drones moving in the controlled airspace, The Polish Air Navigation Services Agency is developing an innovative system PansaUTM to manage, control and integrate unmanned air traffic with controlled air traffic (see [15,49])). Filming with a drone at low altitudes is more associated with the risk of collision with terrain obstacles, but at the same time, it extends the possibilities of narration with the image.…”

Section: Hypothesis Research Method and Description Of The Experiment...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TV drone flights, during which the drone pilot or the observer maintains eye contact with an unmanned aerial vehicle, are permitted in many countries around the world after completing specific conditions [13][14][15]. Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) flight is an air operation in which the pilot maintains visual contact with the drone to ensure the safety of flight [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mutable Observation Used by Television Drone Pilots: Efficiency of Aerial Filming Regarding the Quality of Completed Shots

2022

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Drones, as mobile media of the present day, increase the operational and narrative capabilities of television and accelerate the logistics of shooting. Unmanned aerial vehicles with a camera properly steered by a pilot are able, to some extent, to replace a jimmy jib/crane and a dolly; basic technical devices, used in the studios, enabling the creation of narrative systems of pictures in film and television. Television is more and more often using drone footage to report events, broadcast live, as well as create coverage and television documentaries. In many productions, the pilot of the drone simultaneously acts as the drone camera operator, which can improve the effectiveness of shooting, but also carries some risks related to flight safety. The article describes and presents in the form of processed footage the real conditional ties of a Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) flight faced by pilots filming with a drone. VLOS is a type of air operation, which requires maintaining eye contact with the drone. In many countries, a drone visibility flight is legally sanctioned as VLOS Operation. An experiment was conducted to investigate the interactions between a human and a machine in airspace steered using a controller with a touchscreen. The drone pilot was considered an integral part of the drone’s flight system control Experimental data was collected with the use of a mobile eye-tracker, video cameras, surveys, and pilot declarations. During the experiment, eight television drone pilot operators recaptured a model shot under the regime of VLOS flight at low altitudes. They all show that both advanced and beginner pilots did not look at the UAV for over half the time of shot execution. The experiment allowed establishing two coefficients related to the effectiveness of a VLOS flight aiming at filming from the drone. The results point to clear differences in screen perception styles used by drone television pilots. The coefficients were described in the form of mathematical formulas and their limit values were determined. The research also determines the limits of pilots’ perception, within which they can film with a drone. The outcomes may help to optimize the process of aerial filming with the use of a drone, carried out for television, film, and other media, as well as in a simulation of such a flight for research and training. From the perspective of media science and social communication, the presented study included a technological component that can be accessed through information science, using statistical models and variable distributions. Media scholars can study the impact of the media without having to look into the metaphorical black box. Computer science opens up this possibility.

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“…Moreover, the legal framework for the U-space was adopted in 2021. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/664 of 22 April 2021 on a regulatory framework for the U-space, aimed at facilitating the safe and effective integration of manned and unmanned aviation entered into force on 26 January 2023 [10].…”

Section: The Development Of Legal Regulations In Unmanned Aviationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Very Low Level Flight Rules for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Operations

Konert,

Kasprzyk

2024

J Intell Robot Syst

Self Cite

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An analysis of the development of legal regulations regarding unmanned civil aviation leads to the conclusion that the current air traffic rules are among the key issues that require amending. Are drones allowed to fly at any height? Can drones fly freely over a person’s house or garden, several meters above the ground? What is the minimum allowable height for drone flights? The method of study consisted of content analysis of the existing legislation. Current doctrines were confronted with the existing regulations, documents, materials, safety reports, and statistics. The results of the study show that the existing air traffic rules, precisely in the case of aircraft operations performed by manned and unmanned aviation at very low heights, are definitely practical in nature. First, in most countries violations of air traffic rules are prohibited acts subject to criminal penalty. Second, determining the principles of air traffic for air operations is of crucial importance for determining legally permissible interference in property ownership. The urban air mobility is outside the scope of this research.

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U-Space – Civil Liability for damages caused by Unmanned Aircraft

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Integrating Cargo Bikes and Drones into Last-Mile Deliveries: Insights from Pilot Deliveries in Five Greek Cities

Integrating Cargo Bikes and Drones into Last-Mile Deliveries: Insights from Pilot Deliveries in Five Greek Cities

Mutable Observation Used by Television Drone Pilots: Efficiency of Aerial Filming Regarding the Quality of Completed Shots

Very Low Level Flight Rules for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Operations

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