U.S. Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdowns. Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Systems

Chung, Donald; Davidson, Carolyn; Fu, Ran; Ardani, Kristen; Margolis, Robert

doi:10.2172/1225303

Cited by 86 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…are more than the cost of the panels. 6 The cost of electrolyzers will likely be brought down significantly with further research and the economies of scale. Indeed, large electrolyzers are used to convert excess hydropowerto-hydrogen in Norway and are currently being installed for other uses in other parts of the world such as wind energy storage in the north of Germany.…”

Section: Direct Versus Indirect Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the photoelectrochemical storage of solar energy

Krol

Parkinson

2017

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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Direct photoelectrochemical water splitting offers several advantages over PV-powered electrolysis and may become the technology of choice in the future. However, significant R&D efforts and breakthroughs are needed to accomplish this goal.The sustainable production of hydrogen would be an important first step for both powering fuel cells and for enabling large-scale and technologically mature gas phase processes to reduce CO 2 and nitrogen to get desired products. Specifically, the central challenge is to produce hydrogen from water using sunlight. Photovoltaics and wind-powered electrolysis are likely to be the technology of choice to produce renewable hydrogen for the next few decades. However, the integration of light absorption and catalysis in 'direct' photoelectrolysis routes offers several advantages, such as lower current densities and better heat management, and may become technologically relevant in the second half of this century. This article discusses the research and development efforts and needed breakthroughs to achieve this goal. New chemically stable semiconductors with a band gap between 1.5 and 2.0 eV and long carrier lifetimes are urgently needed to make efficient tandem devices.Scale-up of these research level devices beyond a few cm 2 introduces mass transport limitations that require creative electrochemical engineering solutions. Last but not least, standardized methods for measuring efficiencies and stabilities need to be implemented and should lead to official benchmarking and certification laboratories to guide commercial scale up efforts. Keywords: photochemical; energy storage; energy generation RevIew DISCUSSION POINTS• Water splitting will be a central challenge for any future fossil fuel-free energy infrastructure that relies on liquid or gaseous chemical fuels.• While the main materials challenge for solar-and wind-driven electrolysis is the development of better catalysts, the main challenge for photoelectrochemical water splitting is to find new chemically stable optimal-bandgap semiconducting light absorbers.• Further progress in the development of photo-driven water splitting generators requires significant additional efforts in electrochemical engineering and the development of standardized methods for benchmarking device performance and stability.

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Section: Direct Versus Indirect Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the photoelectrochemical storage of solar energy

Krol

Parkinson

2017

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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“…Raghavan et al Energy Policy 109 (2017) (Chung et al, 2015). Noting the difficult in predicting future prices, we assume a floor price of $2500 for the total installed cost for both AdvHP and STh+HP.…”

Section: Wh Cost Assumptions and Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scenarios to decarbonize residential water heating in California

2017

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A B S T R A C TThis paper presents the first detailed long-term stock turnover model to investigate scenarios to decarbonize the residential water heating sector in California, which is currently dominated by natural gas. We model a mix of water heating (WH) technologies including conventional and on-demand (tank-less) natural gas heating, electric resistance, existing electric heat pumps, advanced heat pumps with low global warming refrigerants and solar thermal water heaters. Technically feasible policy scenarios are developed by considering combinations of WH technologies with efficiency gains within each technology, lowering global warming potential of refrigerants and decreasing grid carbon intensity. We then evaluate energy demand, emissions and equipment replacement costs of the pathways. We develop multiple scenarios by which the annual greenhouse gas emissions from residential water heaters in California can be reduced by over 80% from 1990 levels resulting in an annual savings of over 10 Million Metric Tons by 2050. The overall cost of transition will depend on future cost reductions in heat pump and solar thermal water heating equipment, energy costs, and hot water consumption.

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“…The prices of the PV and ESS, p V and p E , were 1.77 million $/MW [21] and 0.50 million $/MWh [22], respectively. This study assumed that the useful lifetimes of the PV and ESS, y V and y E , are 15 years and 10 years, respectively, and that the discount rate is 5%, even though they depend on several conditions.…”

Section: Parameter Settings and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Allocation of Photovoltaic Systems and Energy Storage Systems based on Vulnerability Analysis

Konishi

Takahashi

2017

Energies

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There is a growing need to connect renewable energy systems (REs), such as photovoltaic systems (PVs), to the power grid for solving environmental problems such as global warming. However, an electricity grid with RE is vulnerable to problems of power shortage and surplus owing to the uncertainty of RE outputs and grid failures. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can be used to solve supply reliability problems, but their installation should be minimized considering their high costs. This study proposes a method to optimize the allocations of PVs and ESSs based on vulnerability analysis, and utilizes our proposed concept of "slow" and "fast" ESSs, which can reflect the influences of both uncertainties: PV outputs and grid failures. Accordingly, this paper demonstrates an optimal allocation of PVs and ESSs that minimizes the amount of ESSs while satisfying the PV installation target and the constraints on supply reliability indices for power shortage and power surplus in the event of a grid failure.

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U.S. Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdowns. Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Systems

Cited by 86 publications

References 6 publications

Perspectives on the photoelectrochemical storage of solar energy

Perspectives on the photoelectrochemical storage of solar energy

Scenarios to decarbonize residential water heating in California

Optimal Allocation of Photovoltaic Systems and Energy Storage Systems based on Vulnerability Analysis

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