U. S. Foreign Policy and Human Rights Violations in Latin America: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Aid Distributions

Schoultz, Lars

doi:10.2307/421620

Cited by 51 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…For the Carter administration, the inconclusive result does confirm quantitative research by Schoultz (1981aSchoultz ( , 1981b and Stohl, Carleton, and Johnson (1984). It also confirms much historical and qualitative research that has indicated that the Carter human rights policy was not consistently implemented (Cohen 1982;Salzberg 1982;Forsythe 1988).…”

Section: Datasupporting

confidence: 59%

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Human Rights and Foreign Aid

Hofrenning

1990

American Politics Quarterly

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Although President Carter spoke forcefully about the importance of human rights in his foreign policy, President Reagan disavowed such a claim. A number of scholars have gone beyond the rhetoric and estimated the relationship between foreign aid allocations and human rights in the two administrations; few have found significant differences. This research differs from past work by using data from all but two of the recipient countries of U.S. aid and by employing an incremental model of decision making to explain the pattern of aid allocations. Contrary to the author's expectations, the author concludes that a concern for human rights was more prevalent in the foreign aid allocations of the Reagan administration than in the aid allocations of the Carter administration .

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Section: Datasupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Lars Schoultz (1981a, 1981b) correlated aid to Latin America in 1975, 1976, and 1977 with the level of human rights violations in 1976. For both economic and military aid, the correlations were uniformly positive.…”

Section: The Relationship Between Human Rights and Foreign Aidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Rights and Foreign Aid

Hofrenning

1990

American Politics Quarterly

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“…These data have been useful for comparing broad trends but the relative specificity of the standards-based reports is another reason for their preeminence over the eventbased binary data. 18 The seminal work of Lars Schoultz (1981) was the first quantitative test between the stated importance of human rights by the United States government and the allocation of foreign aid using event-based human rights data for Latin American states. The models I develop below can incorporate information from multiple sources, and quantify the uncertainty of each estimate, conditional on the availability of each variable included in the model.…”

Section: Figure 2 Temporal Coverage and Data Type Of Repression Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Respect for Human Rights has Improved Over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability

2014

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A ccording to indicators of political repression currently used by scholars, human rights practices have not improved over the past 35 years, despite the spread of human rights norms, better monitoring, and the increasing prevalence of electoral democracy. I argue that this empirical pattern is not an indication of stagnating human rights practices. Instead, it reflects a systematic change in the way monitors, like Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department, encounter and interpret information about abuses. The standard of accountability used to assess state behaviors becomes more stringent as monitors look harder for abuse, look in more places for abuse, and classify more acts as abuse. In this article, I present a new, theoretically informed measurement model, which generates unbiased estimates of repression using existing data. I then show that respect for human rights has improved over time and that the relationship between human rights respect and ratification of the UN Convention Against Torture is positive, which contradicts findings from existing research.Notes: Proportions closer to 1 indicate that the dynamic standard model outperforms the constant standard model at predicting the original repression variables. Proportions closer to 0 indicate the opposite. Proportions at 0.50 indicate that both models are predicting the items with about the same amount of error relative to each other. The dynamic standard model does a much better job of predicting the original repression variables, especially the event-based variables.

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“…Over the past three decades, beginning with the seminal work of Schoultz (1981), scholars have sought to test the link between the stated importance of human rights by the US government and the actual US policy behavior. The work of Schoultz (1981) itself builds off earlier foreign aid research that, although not yet interested in human rights, attempted to understand the strategic and humanitarian determinants of US economic aid through multivariate analyses (Davenport 1969; Kato 1969; Kaplan 1975; McKinlay and Little 1977). In spite of the initial ground that this group of researchers made, subsequent work that examined the influence of human rights on foreign aid used less sophisticated bivariate correlation analyses (Schoultz 1981; Stohl, Carleton, and Johnson 1984; Carleton and Stohl 1985).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Strategic Substitution of United States Foreign Aid

Fariss

2010

Foreign Policy Analysis

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I present a foreign policy decision‐making theory that accounts for why US food aid is used strategically when other more powerful economic aid tools are at the disposal of policymakers. I focus my analysis on US food aid because this aid program provides an excellent case with which to test for the existence of foreign policy substitution. Substitution is an important assumption of many foreign policy theories yet proves to be an allusive empirical phenomenon to observe. Central to this analysis is the identification of legal mechanisms such as the ‘‘needy people” provision in the US foreign aid legislation that legally restrict certain types of aid; this mechanism, however, does allow for the allocation of certain types of foreign aid, such as food aid, to human rights abusing regimes. Thus, I test if food aid is used as a substitute for human rights abusing states while methodologically accounting for other aid options. The empirical results, estimated with a multinomial logit and Heckman model, demonstrate that countries with high levels of human rights abuse are (i) more likely to receive food aid and (ii) receive greater amounts of food aid even when controlling for other economic aid, the conditioning effect of strategic interests and humanitarian need over the period 1990–2004.

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U. S. Foreign Policy and Human Rights Violations in Latin America: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Aid Distributions

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Human Rights and Foreign Aid

Human Rights and Foreign Aid

Respect for Human Rights has Improved Over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability

The Strategic Substitution of United States Foreign Aid

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